Omari Gates
The Austro-Hungarian Empire, officially known as the Austria-Hungary Empire, was a dual monarchy consisting of two states: the Kingdom of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. It was formed in 1867 and lasted until the end of World War I in 1918. The Empire was made up of multiple ethnic groups and territories, but it was not a single country. It was a complex political entity with a dual structure, where the two monarchies shared a common head of state but had separate governments and parliaments.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of countries | 2 |
| Name of countries | Austria and Hungary |
| Other regions included | Bohemia, Moravia, Bukovina, Transylvania, Carniola, Küstenland, Dalmatia, Croatia, Fiume, Galicia, Venice, Trieste |
| Ethnic groups | Slovaks, Ruthenians, Serbs |
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What You'll Learn
The Kingdom of Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic)
The Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe. It was the predecessor state of the modern Czech Republic and was an Imperial State in the Holy Roman Empire. The Bohemian king was a prince-elector of the empire. The kings of Bohemia, besides the region of Bohemia itself, also ruled other lands belonging to the Bohemian Crown, which at various times included Moravia, Silesia, Lusatia, and parts of Saxony, Brandenburg, and Bavaria. The kingdom was established by the Přemyslid dynasty in the 12th century by the Duchy of Bohemia, later ruled by the House of Luxembourg, the Jagiellonian dynasty, and from 1526 the House of Habsburg and its successor, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Shortly before the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the kingdom became part of the newly proclaimed Habsburg Austrian Empire, and subsequently the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867. Bohemia retained its name and formal status as a separate Kingdom of Bohemia until 1918, known as a crown land within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and its capital Prague was one of the empire's leading cities. The Czech language (called the Bohemian language in English usage until the 19th century) was the main language of the Diet and the nobility until 1627 (after the Bohemian Revolt was suppressed). German was then formally made equal with Czech and eventually prevailed as the language of the Diet until the Czech National Revival in the 19th century.
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The Kingdom of Hungary
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was one of Europe's major powers, and was the second-largest country in Europe geographically and the third-most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). It was among the ten most populous countries worldwide. The Empire also built up the fourth-largest machine-building industry in the world.
The Empire was made up of multiple ethnic groups and territories, including Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), the Margraviate of Moravia, the Polish-speaking regions of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Italian-speaking regions of Venice and Trieste. There were also various ethnic minorities, such as the Slovaks, Ruthenians, and Serbs, who lived within the Empire.
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The Kingdom of Austria
The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867. It was created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs, unifying all Habsburg possessions under one central government. It was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, and the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire.
The Austrian Empire was an independent duchy within the First German Empire by 1156. It came under the rule of the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1253, and the Habsburg rulers conquered Bohemia in 1278, ruling Austria and other parts of the empire until 1918. Austrian holdings within the empire eventually included the areas corresponding to the modern states of Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Belgium, Luxembourg, Czechia, Slovenia and parts of western Poland and northern Italy. Outside of the formal boundaries of the Empire, the Habsburgs also ruled Hungary, Transylvania, Galicia and Croatia.
After the Austrian army was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the German Confederation was dissolved, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was adopted. By this act, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria as two separate entities joined on an equal basis to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The frequent abbreviation K.u.K. (Kaiserliche und Königliche, "Imperial and Royal") does not refer to that dual monarchy but originated in 1745, when the "royal" part referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary.
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The Margraviate of Moravia
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a dual monarchy consisting of two states: the Kingdom of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. However, it also included other regions and ethnic groups, such as the Margraviate of Moravia.
In 1182, the Margraviate was created at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa by the merger of the three Přemyslid appanage principalities of Brno, Olomouc and Znojmo, and given to Conrad II, the son of Prince Conrad of Znojmo. As heir apparent, the future King Ottokar II of Bohemia was appointed Moravian margave by his father Wenceslaus I in 1247. Along with Bohemia, Moravia was ruled by the House of Luxembourg from the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty until 1437. Jobst, nephew of Emperor Charles IV, inherited the Margraviate in 1375, ruled autonomously and was even elected King of the Romans in 1410. Shaken by the Hussite Wars, the Moravian nobles remained loyal supporters of the Luxembourg emperor Sigismund. In 1469, Moravia was occupied by the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus, who had allied with the Catholic nobility against the rule of George of Poděbrady and had himself elected rival king of Bohemia at Olomouc.
During the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I, the Margraviate was transformed into “Moravia Land”, later “Moravia-Silesia Land” in 1918. This autonomy was eliminated in 1949 by the communist government and has not been re-established since. The former Moravian Diet building now houses the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. The Margrave held ultimate authority in Moravia, throughout the history of the Margraviate. This meant that as its Margraves became more foreign, so too did the governance of the Margraviate.
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The Italian-speaking regions of Venice and Trieste
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a dual monarchy consisting of two states: the Kingdom of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. It was formed in 1867 and lasted until the end of World War I in 1918. The Empire was made up of multiple ethnic groups and territories, but it was not a single country. It was a complex political entity with a dual structure, where the two monarchies shared a common head of state but had separate governments and parliaments.
At its core, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a real union between Cisleithania, the northern and western parts of the former Austrian Empire, and Transleithania (the Kingdom of Hungary). Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and Hungarian states were co-equal in power. The Empire was geographically the second-largest country in Europe and the third-most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). It was among the ten most populous countries worldwide and built up the fourth-largest machine-building industry in the world.
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Frequently asked questions
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a dual monarchy consisting of two states: the Kingdom of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. However, it also included other regions and ethnic groups, such as the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Margraviate of Moravia, the Polish-speaking regions of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Italian-speaking regions of Venice and Trieste.
The two monarchies that made up the Austro-Hungarian Empire were the Kingdom of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was formed in 1867 and lasted until the end of World War I in 1918.
Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and Hungarian states were co-equal in power within the Empire. The Empire was a complex political entity with a dual structure, where the two monarchies shared a common head of state but had separate governments and parliaments.
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