Damon Mcknight
The Compromise of 1867, also known as the Ausgleich, saw the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria join together to form Austria-Hungary, or the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This was a real union between the Austrian Empire (Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) in the western and northern half and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Transleithania) in the east. The agreement was a compromise between the emperor and Hungary, not between Hungary and the rest of the empire. Hungary received full internal autonomy and its own parliament, and in return, agreed that the empire should still be a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Date of formation | 1867 |
| Nature of formation | Compromise between Austria and Hungary |
| Reason for formation | To retain great power status |
| Type of formation | Union |
| Type of union | Real union |
| Official name | Austro-Hungarian Monarchy/Realm |
| Common name | Austria-Hungary |
| Other names | Österreich-Ungarn, Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie, Österreichisch-Ungarisches Reich, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Dual Monarchy |
| Type of state | Monarchy |
| Monarch | Franz Joseph I |
| Monarch's titles | Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary |
| Nature of union | Two separate entities joined on an equal basis |
| Nature of administration | Separate institutions for Austria and Hungary |
| Nature of common affairs | Considered at delegations with representatives from both parliaments |
| Nature of common ministries | Foreign affairs and defence |
| Nature of common judiciary | Impartial |
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What You'll Learn
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
The compromise only partially restored the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary, making it separate from and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. The agreement also restored the old historic constitution of the Kingdom of Hungary and ended the 18-year-long military dictatorship and absolutist rule over Hungary instituted by Emperor Franz Joseph after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise transformed the Habsburg Monarchy into a dual system, with each half of the empire having its own constitution, government, and parliament. The citizens on each half were treated as foreigners in the other half. The Austrian half of the empire, often referred to as Cisleithania, consisted of seventeen historical crown lands and was a multinational state, granting numerous rights to individual nationalities. The Hungarian half, known as Transleithania, was dominated by the Magyars, but also included other ethnic groups such as non-Magyar minorities.
As a result of the compromise, Franz Joseph became the King of Hungary in addition to being the Emperor of Austria, and Hungary was granted full internal autonomy and its own parliament. In return, Hungary agreed that the empire should remain a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs, maintaining its dynastic prestige abroad. The two halves of the empire were united by their common army and foreign policy, with the monarch personifying the unity of the empire.
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The Hungarian Parliament
The history of the Hungarian Parliament can be traced back to the medieval kingdom of Hungary in the 1290s. The legislative body was originally called the "Parlamentum" during the Middle Ages, and it evolved into the "'Diet'" in the Early Modern period. In 1608, an English-style two-house parliament was enacted as the Royal Hungarian Diet, dividing the main board and the lower board. The main board, or "Upper House", was similar to the House of Lords in England and consisted of high nobles and high priests.
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The Holy Crown of Hungary
According to tradition, the crown was a gift from Pope Sylvester II to Stephen, the first King of Hungary, in the year 1000. The crown was thought to be older, with some believing it dated to the time of the first King Stephen I (crowned 1000/1001). It is one of two surviving Byzantine crowns, the other being the Monomachus Crown, which is also on display at the Hungarian National Museum. The Holy Crown has likely been remodelled using elements of different origins, with the date assigned to its present configuration being around the late 12th century. The crown was named in honour of Saint Stephen I of Hungary and was first referred to as the "Holy Crown" in 1256. By the 14th century, it had become the unique symbol of royal power in Hungary.
The crown itself consists of three parts: the lower rim or hoop (the "abroncs", "diadem"), the "corona graeca", and the upper cross straps and cross (the "corona latina"). The "corona graeca" was a gift from the Byzantine Emperor Michael VII Doukas to King Géza I of Hungary. The "corona latina" was likely made at the request of a Hungarian king, either Coloman or Béla III. The Hungarian coronation regalia consists of the Holy Crown, a sceptre, an orb, and a mantle. The orb bears the coat of arms of Charles I (1310-1342).
During World War II, the crown was taken out of Hungary to protect it from the Germans and Soviets. It was handed over to the U.S. Army in Austria in 1945 and was stored in the United States until 1978 when President Jimmy Carter returned it to Hungary. The return of the crown helped improve U.S.-Hungarian relations and was seen as a courageous decision by President Carter, despite opposition from some.
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The Hungarian Revolution
The Compromise of 1867, also known as the Ausgleich, turned the Habsburg domains into a real union between the Austrian Empire ("Lands Represented in the Imperial Council", or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary ("Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen", or Transleithania). This compromise gave Hungary full internal autonomy and its own parliament, while the empire remained a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs.
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The Hungarian minority rights
The Hungarian minority in Serbia, according to the 2002 census, made up about 3.9% of the population, with most living in Vojvodina. Hungarians in Serbia have substantial collective rights, including a large number of Hungarian-language schools, a daily newspaper, and regular radio and television transmissions. However, during the 1990s, Hungarians were pressured to leave, and many had their properties seized under the guise of land reform after the First World War. More recently, in 2006, a new constitution led to a greater centralization of power in Belgrade and a reduction in the province's authorities, which was opposed by many Hungarian and other minority representatives.
Hungary itself has a significant minority population, with the 2011 census reporting that out of a total population of over 9.9 million, minorities included Roma (3.2%), Germans (1.9%), Slovaks (0.4%), Romanians (0.4%), Croats (0.3%), and Serbs, Ukrainians, Poles, Bulgarians, Ruthenians, Armenians, and Slovenes. The country has a history of upholding minority rights, with the Hungarian Revolutionary Parliament proclaiming and enacting ethnic and minority rights in July 1849, and the restored Parliament passing a liberal Law on Nationalities in 1868, which offered extensive language and cultural rights. However, recent changes to asylum and migration laws have been criticized by human rights groups as threatening the future operation of international, regional, and national human rights organizations and weakening minority rights protection.
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Frequently asked questions
The Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria joined to form Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual Monarchy, in 1867. This was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, which was a deal struck between the Hungarians and the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise, also known as the Ausgleich, was a deal struck between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian Empire. The Hungarians conceded that under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, foreign affairs and defence were "common" to both nations. In return, Hungary received full internal autonomy and its own parliament.
The Hungarians had been pressing for autonomy for some time. In July 1849, the Hungarian Revolutionary Parliament proclaimed and enacted ethnic and minority rights, but these were overturned when the Russian and Austrian armies crushed the Hungarian Revolution.
The Compromise created a "common monarchy", consisting of the emperor and his court, the minister for foreign affairs, and the minister of war. The agreement also established a customs union and a sharing of accounts, which was to be revised every 10 years.
The Compromise of 1867 created a king of Hungary, Francis Joseph, in addition to the existing Austrian emperor. This established the Dual Monarchy, which lasted until the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918.
