Lexi Webster
The Austro-Hungarian Empire, also known as the Dual Monarchy, lasted for 51 years, from 1867 until its dissolution in 1918 at the end of World War I. The dissolution of the empire led to the creation of several new states, including German Austria (which became the Republic of Austria) and the First Hungarian Republic, which later became the Hungarian Soviet Republic, briefly restored and replaced by the Hungarian Republic, and ultimately transformed into the Kingdom of Hungary. The new borders of Austria and Hungary, regulated by the Treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Trianon, reduced them to small, landlocked states. The empire's dissolution also resulted in the formation of the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, which later became part of Yugoslavia. Additionally, some Austro-Hungarian territories were incorporated into Romania, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Romania.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of successor states | 2 |
| First successor state | German Austria (which became the First Austrian Republic) |
| Second successor state | Hungarian Democratic Republic (which became the Kingdom of Hungary) |
| Treaty regulating the new borders of Austria and Hungary | Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye |
| Treaty defining Hungary's postwar boundaries | Treaty of Trianon |
| Number of new countries and parts of countries within the boundaries of Austria-Hungary when the empire was dissolved | 10 |
| Example of new countries or parts of countries within the boundaries of Austria-Hungary when the empire was dissolved | West Ukrainian People's Republic, Hutsul Republic, Lemko Republic, Komancza Republic, Galicia Soviet Socialist Republic, State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs |
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What You'll Learn
German Austria, which became the First Austrian Republic
The dissolution of Austria-Hungary led to the creation of German Austria, which became the First Austrian Republic. The Republic of German Austria was proclaimed on 12 November 1918, the day after Emperor Karl I announced his withdrawal from Austrian politics.
The First Austrian Republic was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919, which ended the Habsburg rump state of the Republic of German-Austria. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, along with the Treaty of Versailles, also forbade a union between Austria and Germany. This led to German-Austria changing its official name to the Republic of Austria. The new state had to drop its plans for union with Germany, as it was not allowed to unite without League approval. The First Austrian Republic was officially the Republic of Austria, and its constitution was enacted on 1 October 1920 and amended on 7 December 1929.
The First Austrian Republic lasted until 1933, when Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss established an autocratic regime. The Republic's early years were marked by violent strife between those with left-wing and right-wing views, leading to the July Revolt of 1927 and the Austrian Civil War of 1934. The First Austrian Republic ended with the establishment of the authoritarian Federal State of Austria in 1934, based on a dictatorship of Engelbert Dollfuss and the Fatherland Front.
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The Kingdom of Hungary
In 1867, the Kingdom of Hungary reached a compromise with the Habsburg Dynasty, and one of the first acts of its restored parliament was to pass a Law on Nationalities. The same year, the Hungarian parliament passed the Ausgleich as a constitutional law, securing individual rights and freedom of belief and education. The Kingdom of Hungary had its own name, king, and history separate from the rest of the empire, which was often referred to as "Austria" or "the other Imperial half."
Following World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved, and the Hungarian Democratic Republic, also known as the First Hungarian Republic, was proclaimed on November 16, 1918. This republic later became the Hungarian Soviet Republic, which was briefly restored and replaced by the Hungarian Republic. The Hungarian Republic ultimately transformed into the Kingdom of Hungary. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Treaty of Trianon, signed between the victors of World War I and Hungary, reduced the country to a small, landlocked state with new borders.
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West Ukrainian People's Republic
The West Ukrainian People's Republic (WUPR) was a short-lived proto-state that controlled most of Eastern Galicia from November 1918 to July 1919. The WUPR emerged as a breakaway state amid the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, and in January 1919, it nominally united with the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) as its autonomous Western Oblast. The WUPR was proclaimed on 1 November 1918 by the Ukrainian National Rada, a council consisting of all Ukrainian representatives from both houses of the Austrian parliament and from the provincial diets in Galicia and Bukovina.
The WUPR's population was ethnically diverse, with 3,291,000 (approximately 60%) Ukrainians, 1,351,000 (approximately 25%) Poles, 660,000 (approximately 12%) Jews, and the rest included Rusyns, Germans, Hungarians, Romanians, Czechs, Slovaks, Romani, Armenians and others. The cities and towns of this largely rural region were mostly populated by Poles and Jews, while the Ukrainians dominated the countryside. The Ukrainian National Democratic Party (the precursor of the interwar Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance) dominated the legislative assembly, guided by varying degrees of Greek Catholic, liberal and socialist ideology.
The Polish population was hostile to the newly formed Ukrainian state, considering it a rule "by bayonet, cudgel, and axe". Polish officials resigned en masse, which undermined the Republic's ability to lead an effective administration. Poles dominated the urban areas and started an uprising against Ukrainian rule in several cities, including Lviv, Drohobych, Peremyshl, Sambir and Yaroslav. This made the West Ukrainian government unable to exert control over the western half of its territory, and made the Polish offensive possible.
In July 1919, Poland occupied most of the territory of the WUPR and forced the West Ukrainian government into exile. When the UPR decided late that year that it would trade the territory for an alliance with Poland against Soviet Russia, the exiled West Ukrainian government broke with the UPR. The exiled government continued its claim until it dissolved in 1923.
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The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941. From 1918 to 1929, it was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but the term "Yugoslavia" (Land of the South Slavs) had been used colloquially as early as 1922. The official name of the state was changed to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" by King Alexander I on 3 October 1929.
The formation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was led by Dalmatian Croat politician Ante Trumbić, who became a prominent South Slavic leader during World War I. Trumbić led the Yugoslav Committee that lobbied the Allies to support the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. Initially, Trumbić faced hostility from Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić, who preferred an enlarged Serbia over a unified Yugoslav state. However, both Pašić and Trumbić agreed to a compromise, which was delivered at the Corfu Declaration on 20 July 1917, advocating the creation of a united state.
In November 1918, the National Council of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs appointed 28 members to negotiate with the representatives of the government of the Kingdom of Serbia and Montenegro on the creation of a new Yugoslav state. The delegation negotiated directly with Regent Alexander Karađorđević, who represented his father, King Peter I of Serbia. The acceptance of the kingdom was established through an address read by the delegation of the National Council of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, led by Ante Pavelić.
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Liechtenstein
The Principality of Liechtenstein was created from the former Austria-Hungary. The country's ruling family, the House of Liechtenstein, gives the country its name, deriving it from their ancestral home of Liechtenstein Castle in Lower Austria. The family acquired huge landed estates, mostly in Moravia, Lower Austria, and Styria, which were held in fief under various senior feudal lords, particularly the Habsburg family.
In 1699, Prince Johann Adam Andreas of Liechtenstein bought the domain of Schellenberg, and in 1712, he purchased the county of Vaduz. These lands were directly subordinate to the Emperor, and so on 23 January 1719, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, decreed that the counties of Vaduz and Schellenberg be promoted to a principality named Liechtenstein.
Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein was closely tied to Austria-Hungary, with the ruling princes deriving much of their wealth from estates in the Habsburg territories. However, the economic devastation caused by the war forced Liechtenstein to seek a customs and monetary union with Switzerland, and the country adopted the Swiss franc in 1920. The war also caused civil unrest, leading to the November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch, which resulted in the introduction of a new constitution based on constitutional monarchy in 1921.
In 1938, after the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, Prince Franz named his grandnephew, Prince Franz Joseph, as regent, and moved to Czechoslovakia, where he died soon after. Liechtenstein remained officially neutral during World War II, and treasures from dynastic lands in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia were taken to Liechtenstein for safekeeping.
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Frequently asked questions
German Austria, which became the First Austrian Republic, and the Hungarian (People's) Republic, which became the Kingdom of Hungary.
The First Hungarian Republic, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the West Ukrainian People's Republic, Hutsul Republic, Lemko Republic, Komancza Republic, and the Galician Soviet Socialist Republic.
The Republic of Austria lost roughly 60% of the old Austrian Empire's territory and was reduced to a small, landlocked state.
