Leslie Massey
Brazil is considered a developing country due to its lower GDP per capita, higher infant mortality rate, and other factors, despite having the largest economy in Latin America. Brazil's economy is an upper-middle-income mixed market that is rich in natural resources, with a strong agricultural sector and dynamic industries such as food processing, footwear, and steel production. On the other hand, Australia is not typically classified as a developing country, and while it may share some similarities with Brazil, such as a diverse industrial base, it differs in key areas such as standard of living and technological infrastructure.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Population | Brazil: 205.3 million |
| GDP per capita | Brazil: $10,616 (2024), $11,178 (2024) |
| Life expectancy | Brazil: 73 years |
| Infant mortality rate | Brazil: 3 deaths per 1,000 live births (2022) |
| Birth rate | Brazil: 13 births per 1,000 people (2022) |
| Level of industrialization | Brazil: one of the ten chief industrial states in the world |
| Standard of living | Brazil: upper-middle income |
| Technological infrastructure | Brazil: 150 GW of installed electric power capacity |
| Economic growth | Brazil: average above 3% over the past three years |
| Poverty | Brazil: poverty reduction due to expanding labor market |
| Inequality | Brazil: racial and gender discrimination limit opportunities |
| Education | Brazil: disparities in access to quality schools |
| Health services | Brazil: disparities in access to quality health services |
| Tourism | Brazil: 48th most visited country in 2018 |
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What You'll Learn
Infant mortality rate
In Brazil, systemic racial and gender discrimination limit opportunities for individuals and families to break the cycle of poverty. This inequality is reflected in access to healthcare, with Afro-Brazilians and indigenous peoples having less access to quality health services. These disparities contribute to Brazil's higher infant mortality rate compared to developed countries like Australia.
Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS) is one of the most advanced public health systems globally. Despite this, Brazil's healthcare system faces challenges, including limited access for certain populations and regions. The World Bank has been working with the Brazilian government to address capacity and regulatory gaps to improve the country's sustainable recovery and inclusive growth. These efforts aim to enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of healthcare services, reducing infant mortality rates, and contributing to Brazil's overall development.
Brazil's high birth rate of 13 births per 1,000 people in 2022 is another characteristic of a developing country. This high birth rate can strain resources and impact the quality of healthcare, potentially influencing infant mortality rates. Additionally, Brazil's economic growth has been resilient, averaging above 3% in the past three years. The expanding labor market has helped reduce poverty and inequality, which could positively impact infant mortality rates over time.
While Brazil is considered a developing country, it exhibits a mix of characteristics typically associated with both developing and developed nations. The classification of countries as 'developing' or 'developed' is complex and often contentious, with some countries having ambiguity in their perceived development status. Brazil's progress in certain areas, such as economic growth and healthcare system advancements, contributes to this ambiguity. Nonetheless, addressing the remaining challenges, including racial and gender disparities and improving access to quality healthcare for all, will be crucial in reducing infant mortality rates and fostering sustainable development in Brazil.
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Racial and gender discrimination
Brazil is considered a developing country due to its lower GDP per capita, higher infant mortality rate, and other factors. Its high birth rate, at 13 births per 1000 people in 2022, is also a common characteristic of a developing nation. While Brazil has the largest economy in South America, it is still considered a developing country.
Racial discrimination has been present in Brazil since its colonial period and is considered one of the most widespread types of discrimination in the country. The myth of a "racial democracy" has been used to deny or downplay the existence and extent of racism in Brazil. Despite the passage of anti-discrimination laws in the 1950s, race continues to be a subject of intense debate within the country. Brazil's history of miscegenation, or race mixture, has resulted in blurred colour lines. However, racial discrimination persists, particularly in the form of economic and educational inequality. Non-whites are underrepresented in the upper income brackets, with whites earning 46% more than blacks on average. In the education system, students with darker skin have a lower chance of receiving an education and are often given worse grading assessments, even when they are equally proficient and well-behaved as their white peers.
Racial discrimination in Brazil also manifests in the form of human rights abuses and police violence, with non-whites being the primary victims. The middle class and elite in Brazil are predominantly white, while the working class and poor are more racially diverse. While Brazil's anti-racism laws address explicit incidents of racism, subtle individual and institutional practices continue to maintain and reproduce racial inequalities.
Gender discrimination is also prevalent in Brazil, with women facing workplace discrimination that limits their earning potential. This contributes to the cycle of poverty and inequality in the country. Afro-Brazilian and indigenous women face additional barriers, with limited access to quality schools and health services.
Brazil's diverse society includes individuals of different races, ethnicities, and cultural backgrounds. The country's racial classification system includes categories such as branco (white), preto (black), pardo (brown or multi-racial), amarelo (yellow or Asian), and indígena (indigenous). However, these classifications are often inconsistent and influenced by factors such as class, status, education, location, and phenotype.
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Income and economic growth
Brazil is considered a developing country due to its lower GDP per capita, higher infant mortality rate, and other factors. Its high birth rate, at 13 births per 1000 people in 2022, is also a common characteristic of a developing country. Brazil has the largest economy in Latin America, the tenth-largest economy in the world by nominal GDP, and the eighth-largest by PPP. The country has a long history of being among the largest economies in the world, and in 2024, its GDP per capita was US$11,178 per inhabitant, with a real GDP per capita of $10,616. Brazil's economy is an upper-middle-income, mixed-market economy that is rich in natural resources.
Brazil's economic growth has shown resilience, averaging above 3% over the past three years. Strong private consumption, driven by social transfers, was the main driver of demand, while on the supply side, growth in the services and agricultural sectors played a key role. The expanding labor market helped reduce poverty and inequality. Brazil has at least 161,500 kilometres of paved roads, more than 150 gigawatts of installed electric power capacity, and its real per capita GDP surpassed US$9,800 in 2017. The country's industrial sector accounts for three-fifths of South America's industrial production, and its scientific and technological development is attractive to foreign direct investment. In 2019, Brazil was the fourth-largest destination for foreign investment.
Brazil's agricultural sector, locally called the agronegócio (agro-business), has been dynamic, keeping the country among the most highly productive countries in areas related to the rural sector. Agribusiness contributes to Brazil's trade balance, despite trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by developed countries. Brazil is one of the largest producers of animal proteins in the world, and in 2019, it was the world's largest exporter of chicken meat and the second-largest producer of beef. The country was also the third-largest producer of milk, the fourth-largest producer of pork, and the seventh-largest producer of eggs.
Brazil's foreign policy reflects its position as a regional power in Latin America and a leader among developing countries. Brazilian foreign policy is based on the principles of multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries. Brazil provides aid as a donor to other developing countries, offering financial assistance, expertise, and quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.
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Industrialization and technological infrastructure
Brazil is considered a developing country due to its lower GDP per capita, higher infant mortality rate, and other factors. Despite this, Brazil has several characteristics of a developed nation, including the largest economy in Latin America. In 2024, Brazil's nominal GDP was US$2.331 trillion, and the GDP per capita was US$11,178 per inhabitant. Brazil's economy is an upper-middle-income mixed market economy, and it is one of the ten chief industrial states in the world. The industrial sector accounts for three-fifths of South America's industrial production. Brazil's scientific and technological development has attracted foreign direct investment, and in 2019, it was the 4th largest destination for foreign investments.
Brazil's agricultural sector, locally called "agronegócio" (agro-business), has been dynamic and productive, contributing to the country's trade balance. Brazil is one of the largest producers and exporters of animal proteins in the world. In 2019, it was the largest exporter of chicken meat and the second-largest producer of beef. The country also has a significant chemical industry, footwear industry, and steel production.
Brazil's expanding labor market has helped reduce poverty and inequality. However, racial and gender discrimination persist as systemic barriers that limit opportunities for individuals and families to break the cycle of poverty. Afro-Brazilians and indigenous peoples have less access to quality schools and health services, and women face workplace discrimination, limiting their earning potential.
Brazil has a diverse society with sharp differences in race, history, and culture. It has a population of over 205 million people and a landmass of 8.5 million square kilometres. The country has at least 161,500 kilometres of paved roads and more than 150 gigawatts of installed electric power capacity.
In summary, Brazil has a large and diverse economy with a significant industrial sector and technological development, but it is still considered a developing country due to various socioeconomic factors, including income inequality, discrimination, and access to education and health services.
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Health services and life expectancy
Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS), a public-private arrangement established in 1990, has been a major contributing factor to the country's significant achievements in public health. SUS provides universal free access to health services for all Brazilians, funded largely by the government through tax revenue. This system has helped Brazil achieve impressive results in equity and key population health outcomes. For example, between 2000 and 2012, Brazil's rapid economic development was accompanied by significant health gains, including a halving of mortality rates in children under five and a seven-year increase in life expectancy for both men and women.
However, Brazil's healthcare system also faces challenges. The training and regulation of medical doctors in Brazil have not kept pace with the rapid expansion of the national health system, leading to issues like doctor absenteeism and multiple job-holding. To address this, Brazil implemented the More Doctors programme, which has successfully recruited over 14,000 doctors to work in priority regions, with almost 80% of recruits from Cuba. Another challenge is the impact of an ageing population, which has resulted in growing demand for healthcare services. Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of individuals over 65 in Brazil increased from 6% to 8%, and the years lost due to disability rose by more than 27%.
Brazil's life expectancy at birth stands at almost 76 years, five years below the OECD average of 81 years. Higher life expectancy is generally associated with higher healthcare spending per person, and indeed, Brazil's rapid economic development has been accompanied by significant health gains. However, other factors also impact life expectancy, such as living standards, lifestyles, education, and environmental factors. For example, PM2.5 levels in Brazil, which can harm human health and reduce life expectancy, are 11.7 micrograms per cubic meter, higher than the annual guideline limit set by the World Health Organization. Additionally, Brazil's average home contains fewer rooms per person than the OECD average, and 93.3% of dwellings have private access to indoor flushing toilets, slightly lower than the OECD average of 97%.
In comparison, Australia, a wealthy country, has seen its health expenditure rise over the past decade. In 2011-2012, Australia spent around A$140 billion on health, 1.7 times more in real terms compared to a decade earlier. However, Australia's ageing population also presents challenges, with the number of people over 65 tripling between 1973 and 2013 and a sixfold increase in those over 85 during the same period.
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Frequently asked questions
Brazil is considered a developing country due to its lower GDP per capita, higher infant mortality rate, and other factors. Brazil's GDP per capita was US$11,178 per inhabitant in 2024, and its average life expectancy at birth is 73 years. Brazil also has a high birth rate of 13 births per 1,000 people in 2022, which is a common characteristic of a developing country.
Brazil faces several challenges as a developing country, including racial and gender discrimination, which limit the opportunities for individuals and families to break the cycle of poverty. Additionally, Brazil has a large income gap, with Afro-Brazilians and indigenous peoples having less access to quality education and health services than whites.
Brazil has the largest economy in Latin America and is considered an upper-middle-income developing economy. On the other hand, Australia is considered a developed country with a diversified industrial and commercial base. Brazil's economy is ranked 10th in the world by nominal GDP, while Australia's economy is ranked 9th in the world.
