Lyla Lindsey
Austria and Hungary share a long history, with the ruling dynasty of Austria, the Habsburgs, inheriting the Hungarian throne in the 16th century. They were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867 to 1918, which was a constitutional compromise that granted Hungary its own parliament and considerable autonomy over its internal affairs and control over its non-Magyar ethnic groups. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1921 and share a 366-kilometre border, which can be crossed anywhere without control due to the Schengen Agreement.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Nature of relationship | Neighbourly relations exist between the two countries. |
| History | Both countries have a long common history since the ruling dynasty of Austria, the Habsburgs, inherited the Hungarian throne in the 16th century. Both were part of the now-defunct Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867 to 1918. |
| Current political relations | Both countries are member states of the European Union and full members of the Council of Europe. |
| Border | The two countries share a 366-kilometre (227 mi) border, which can be crossed anywhere without control due to the Schengen Agreement. |
| Language | Hungarian may be used as an official language in some communities of Burgenland, Austria. |
| Voting rights | In the Kingdom of Hungary, voting rights were kept to the upper classes, while in Austria universal, equal and direct voting of all men was established in 1907. |
| Foreign policy | Politicians and generals of both countries were responsible for the disastrous foreign policy of the monarchy that led to World War I. |
| Post-World War I | After World War I, Hungary had to cede its westernmost part, called Deutsch-Westungarn, to Austria, as these districts were inhabited by Germans for centuries. |
| Post-World War II | During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, tens of thousands of Hungarian refugees fled to Austria. |
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What You'll Learn
Austria and Hungary share a 366-kilometre border
The Dual Monarchy, as it was known, maintained a delicate balance among its many minorities until 1914, when the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist precipitated World War I. With its defeat in the war and revolutions by the Czechs, Yugoslavs, and Hungarians, the monarchy collapsed in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 forced Hungary to cede its westernmost part, Deutsch-Westungarn, to Austria, as these districts were historically inhabited by Germans. The area, called Burgenland by the Austrians, was handed over to Austria in 1921.
Austria and Hungary established diplomatic relations in 1921, after their separation. Both countries are now full members of the Council of Europe and the European Union. Due to the Schengen Agreement, their shared border can be crossed anywhere without control.
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Austria-Hungary was a monarchy that ended after World War I
Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a constitutional monarchy in Central Europe that existed from 1867 until its collapse in 1918 after World War I. It was formed through a constitutional compromise (Ausgleich) between Austria and Hungary, following the Austro-Prussian War and wars of independence by Hungary against Habsburg rule. The monarchy was led by Emperor Franz Joseph, who was also the King of Hungary.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a dual monarchy, consisting of two sovereign states, Austria and Hungary, with a single monarch. The two countries shared a common foreign policy and defence policy, with \"common\" ministries of foreign affairs and defence under the monarch's direct authority. The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was an autonomous region under the Hungarian crown, and after 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under joint Austro-Hungarian rule. The empire was geographically the second-largest country in Europe and the third most populous.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was characterised by its diversity, housing many different ethnic and language groups. Language was a contentious issue, with governments facing challenges in deciding on the languages of government and instruction. While Hungarian and German were the dominant languages, various minority groups sought education and instruction in their own languages. The Basic Law of the State of 1867 declared all nations of Imperial Austria equal, but German influence remained significant.
The empire was a military and diplomatic alliance, with a powerful modernised army. However, its effectiveness was undermined by internal political and ethnic divisions, including language barriers between officers and soldiers. The majority of soldiers were conscripted from the Kingdom of Hungary during World War I, with approximately 600,000 soldiers killed and 700,000 wounded. Despite this, the Hungarian half provided sufficient supplies to allow the monarchy to continue waging war for several years.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire came to an end in 1918, following World War I. The Allies of World War I treated Austria and Hungary as defeated enemies, and Hungary terminated the union with Austria. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1921 and continue to share a border today.
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Austria and Hungary have a shared history, being part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
The Compromise of 1867, also known as the Ausgleich, was a constitutional law passed by the Hungarian parliament that established the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. This compromise granted Hungary its own parliament and considerable internal autonomy, with a responsible ministry. In return, Hungary agreed that the empire should remain a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs, with a common ministry of foreign affairs and defence under the monarch's direct authority. The Austro-Hungarian Empire also included a third component, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, an autonomous region under the Hungarian crown.
The empire was the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, which had become more involved in the Kingdom of Hungary following Hungary's defeat to the Ottoman Empire in 1526. The Habsburgs assumed the Hungarian throne, and in 1718, all former territories of the Hungarian kingdom were ceded from the Ottomans to the Habsburgs. However, the Kingdom of Hungary continued to seek greater self-government and independence from the Austrian Empire, leading to the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, which was crushed by the Austrian military.
The Compromise of 1867 was a result of negotiations between the central government in Vienna and Hungarian political leaders, recognising the need to compromise with Hungary to retain the empire's great power status. The establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire created a balance among its many minorities, which was disrupted in 1914 with the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist, leading to World War I and the eventual collapse of the monarchy in 1918.
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Hungary declared independence from Austria in 1918
Hungary and Austria share a long history, with the two countries having been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867 to 1918. The empire was formed in 1867 when the Austrian and Hungarian kingdoms entered into a constitutional compromise, known as the Ausgleich, which was passed as a constitutional law by the Hungarian parliament. The official name of the state shaped by the Ausgleich was Austria-Hungary. The kingdom of Hungary had a name, a king, and a history of its own, while the rest of the empire was a casual agglomeration without a clear description.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a "common monarchy" consisting of the emperor and his court, the minister for foreign affairs, and the minister of war. There was no common prime minister or cabinet. The emperor surrendered his domestic prerogatives in Hungary, including the protection of non-Magyar peoples, in exchange for the maintenance of dynastic prestige abroad.
However, the empire began to weaken over time due to a widening gap between Hungarian and Austrian interests. The growth of internal social contradictions and the separation of different parts of the empire also contributed to its decline. As World War I broke out, the Allies encouraged breakaway demands from minorities within the empire, further catalysing its collapse.
On October 17, 1918, the Hungarian parliament declared independence from Austria, and an independent government was formed on November 1. The Austro-Hungarian Empire concluded an armistice with the Allies on November 3, and a separate military convention was signed on November 13, which called for the withdrawal and demobilization of Hungarian armed forces. A republic was proclaimed in Hungary on November 16. The Treaty of St.-Germain, signed on September 10, 1919, recognized Hungary's independence from Austria, and its postwar boundaries were defined by the Treaty of Trianon on June 4, 1920.
Thus, Hungary's declaration of independence from Austria in 1918 marked a significant turning point in the history of the two countries, ending the Austro-Hungarian Empire and setting the stage for the establishment of independent republics.
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Austria and Hungary have a history of mutual immigration
Austria and Hungary have a long shared history, with the two countries forming a constitutional monarchy, known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, from 1867 to 1918. During this time, the two countries were led by a single monarch, who was titled both the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a multi-national state, consisting of several nations, with only 20% of its population being Hungarian. The kingdom of Hungary had its own name, king, and history, while the rest of the empire was a collection of various territories without a clear collective description.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was formed in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which resulted in the expulsion of Austria from the German Confederation. The formation of the empire was formalised in 1867 through the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, also known as the Ausgleich, which granted Hungary full internal autonomy and a responsible ministry. In return, Hungary agreed that the empire should function as a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs. The emperor, Franz Joseph, surrendered his domestic prerogatives in Hungary, including the protection of non-Magyar peoples, in exchange for the maintenance of dynastic prestige abroad.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was marked by language disputes, as various ethnic groups within the empire sought equal status for their languages alongside German and Hungarian, which were the dominant languages. The Basic State Act of 1867, valid only for the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, recognised the equal rights of all races within the empire and their right to the preservation and use of their own nationality and language. However, implementing this principle proved challenging due to the lack of clarity on which languages could be considered "customary". While Italian was recognised as an official language, there was resistance from German intellectuals to accepting Slavic languages as equal.
The history of mutual immigration between Austria and Hungary can be traced back to the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867. The empire's collapse after World War I led to significant changes in the territories of both countries. The current borders of Hungary were defined in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon, resulting in a significant reduction in Hungarian territory compared to its predecessor, Austria-Hungary. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and the Treaty of Trianon also led to the cession of westernmost Hungary, called Deutsch-Westungarn, to Austria due to its historically German-inhabited districts.
During World War II, Hungary and Austria's shared border was divided by the Iron Curtain, impacting the lives of those living in the border regions. Following the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, tens of thousands of Hungarian refugees fled to Austria, where they were received with sympathy. The Austrian government deployed the army at the eastern border to prevent foreign soldiers from entering the country, demonstrating the complexities of their mutual immigration history during this period.
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Frequently asked questions
Hungary and Austria share a 366-kilometre (227 mi) border, which can be crossed anywhere without control, because of the Schengen Agreement.
Yes, from 1867 to 1918, Hungary and Austria were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, also known as the Dual Monarchy.
Yes, the Emperor of Austria, Franz Joseph, was also the King of Hungary. However, Hungary had its own parliament and considerable autonomy over its internal affairs.
Yes, on October 17, 1918, the Hungarian parliament declared independence from Austria. Hungary's independence was recognised by the Treaty of St.-Germain in 1919.
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