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The Austrian Empire became the more liberal Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867, after the Austrian state was on the brink of collapse due to losing the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, also known as the Ausgleich, was a deal between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria that joined the two separate entities on an equal basis to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary received full internal autonomy and its constitution and reform laws were restored, while the two countries retained a single ruler and unified diplomatic and defence policies.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Date of formation | 1867 |
| Reason for formation | To save the Austrian state from collapse after losing the Austro-Prussian War |
| Type of government | Dual monarchy |
| Ruling family | Habsburgs |
| Type of economy | Liberal economic policies |
| Population | Third-most populous in Europe |
| Geography | Second-largest country in Europe |
| Military | Powerful, modernised army |
| Languages | German, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and others |
| Religion | Judaism (5% of the population) |
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What You'll Learn
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
The Kingdom of Hungary had long desired equal status with the Austrian Empire, and the compromise granted them full internal autonomy with a responsible ministry. In return, Hungary agreed that the empire would remain a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs, thus maintaining its dynastic prestige abroad. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise put an end to the 18-year-long military dictatorship and absolutist rule over Hungary instituted by Emperor Franz Joseph after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary was restored, along with its old historic constitution.
The Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy had two capitals, Vienna and Budapest, and was united by a common army and foreign policy. The citizens on each half of the empire were treated as foreigners in the other half, and domestic policy issues were dealt with autonomously by the two governments. The Austrian half of the empire, known as Cisleithania, consisted of seventeen historical crown lands and was a multinational state, granting numerous rights to individual nationalities. The Hungarian half, or Transleithania, was dominated by the Magyars, but also included other ethnic groups such as non-Magyar groups, who had the status of minorities.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise was negotiated by Hungarian statesman Ferenc Deák, who initially supported Hungarian independence but later advocated for a modified union under the Habsburgs. Deák believed that while Hungary had the right to full internal independence, defence, foreign affairs, and financing them were "common" affairs according to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723. The compromise was seen as a betrayal by many Hungarians, as it fell short of the goals of the 1848 Revolution and the reforms that followed. However, it was maintained due to the popularity of the pro-compromise ruling Liberal Party among ethnic minority voters in Hungary.
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The Hungarian Revolution of 1848
The revolution in Hungary was closely related to simultaneous revolutions in Vienna, Rome, and Northern Italy against the Austrian Empire. At the time of the revolution, Hungary already had its own parliament and considerable autonomy. However, the 19th-century European liberals sought the idea of national sovereignty, which clashed with the Hapsburg Empire's complex ethnic makeup. The geographical area known as Hungary included Magyars, Slavs, Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes, with conflicting loyalties and diverse ethnic identities. Some of these groups were loyal to Austria and opposed Hungarian independence, complicating the revolution's dynamics.
The revolution in Hungary was sparked by radical youths and students, including the poet Sándor Petőfi, the novelist Mór Jókai, the philosopher and historian Pál Vasvári, and the journalist József Irinyi. On March 15, 1848, they ignited the revolution at the Pilvax coffee palace. On March 3, shortly after learning of the revolution in Paris, Lajos Kossuth delivered a powerful speech demanding parliamentary government for Hungary and constitutional rule for the rest of Austria. On March 13, 1848, the Emperor, panicked by the Vienna revolution, appointed Count Louis Batthyány as the first Hungarian responsible ministry, which included Kossuth.
The Austrian monarchy made concessions to quell the Viennese masses, including forcing Prince Klemens von Metternich, known for his conservative views and anti-revolutionary policies, to resign his position as the Austrian Government's Chancellor on March 17, 1848. Batthyány formed the first Hungarian responsible government on March 23, 1848. However, the Hungarian rebellion was ultimately crushed by the Austrian military with Russian military assistance, leading to the imposition of absolutist rule from Vienna and increased Hungarian resentment of Habsburg dominion.
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The Hungarian constitution
The Austrian Empire, also known as the Empire of Austria, became the more liberal Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867. This change came about due to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, which was adopted after Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. The Compromise established a dual monarchy, uniting the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria into a single entity known as Austria-Hungary.
Now, focusing on the Hungarian constitution within the context of the Austro-Hungarian Empire:
The Kingdom of Hungary, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, had its own constitution, separate from the Austrian half of the empire. The Hungarian constitution reflected the kingdom's long history of parliamentary governance and limited monarchical power. The Hungarian parliament, also known as the Diet of Hungary, served as the supreme legislative body in the kingdom, dating back to the late 12th century.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 restored Hungary's historic constitution, which had been abolished by the March Constitution of Austria imposed during the absolutist rule of Emperor Franz Joseph. The Hungarian constitution guaranteed the territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary and ensured the continuation of its legislative authority.
It is worth noting that the Hungarian constitution underwent various changes and amendments throughout the existence of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. For example, Statute XII of 1867, enacted the Ausgleich, further reinforcing the constitutional framework. Additionally, Statute IV of 1869 separated the executive and the judiciary, providing additional checks and balances within the government.
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The Hungarian parliament
The Ausgleich created a real union between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, with a single monarch, Emperor Franz Joseph, reigning as Emperor of Austria in the Austrian half and as King of Hungary in the eastern half. The two halves maintained separate parliaments and prime ministers, with the Hungarian Parliament governing the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Transleithania. The Hungarian Parliament also played a role in the common affairs of the dual monarchy, with representatives from both parliaments coming together to discuss matters of foreign affairs, defence, and finance.
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The Hungarian monarchy
The Kingdom of Hungary, also known as Regnum Independens, was administered by its own institutions separately from the Austrian Empire. While the Austrian Empire was ruled by the Hapsburgs, Hungary was a monarchy with a strong parliament and constitution. This led to growing resentment of Hapsburg dominion in Hungary, and in 1848, the Hungarians revolted, calling for greater self-government and independence. The revolution was violently suppressed by the Austrian military with Russian assistance, and Hungary was placed under absolutist rule from Vienna.
However, by 1867, the Austrian state was on the brink of collapse due to several failed wars, including the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which resulted in the expulsion of Austria from the German Confederation. To maintain their strength, the Austrians were forced to reconcile with the Hungarians. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, also known as the Ausgleich, was a deal that raised the Kingdom of Hungary to equal status with Austria. While the Austrian emperor remained King of Hungary, the two countries would have separate parliaments and prime ministers, and Hungary's constitution was restored.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a dual monarchy, overseen by a central government responsible for foreign policy, military command, and joint finance. The emperor was the head of state and government, and his power was absolute, though Franz Josef ruled in the manner of a constitutional monarch, relying on the advice of his ministers. The empire was geographically the second-largest country in Europe and the third most populous, with 52 million people. It extended from the Tyrol region north of Italy to the plains of Ukraine and the Transylvanian mountains of eastern Europe.
The empire was made up of many different ethnic and language groups, with Hungarian, German, Czech, Slovak, and other minorities. Language was a contentious issue, with minorities seeking education in their own languages as well as the dominant Hungarian and German. The Austrian Jews considered the era of Austria-Hungary a golden age, as they were regularly promoted to positions of command in the military and enjoyed increased rights and freedoms.
The Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed in 1918 due to World War I, crop failure, starvation, and an economic crisis. The multi-ethnic nature of the empire led to its disintegration as the Allied powers encouraged breakaway demands from minorities, and leftist and liberal movements in Vienna and Budapest supported separatism. On 17 October 1918, the Hungarian Parliament voted to terminate the union with Austria, officially dissolving the monarchy.
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Frequently asked questions
The Austrian Empire became the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a dual monarchy formed by the merger of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria.
The Austrian Empire was weakened by a series of failed wars in the 1860s, including the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which led to its expulsion from the German Confederation. To maintain its strength, the Austrian state made a deal with the Hungarians within the Empire, giving them a bigger role in the Empire in return for their support.
The Kingdom of Hungary was given equal status with Austria. Both countries had separate parliaments and prime ministers, but the Austrian emperor remained King of Hungary, and the two countries had unified diplomatic and defense policies. The Hungarian constitution was restored, and reform laws established political and civil rights.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 led to the formation of one of Europe's major powers. It was the second-largest country in Europe by land mass and the third-most populous. It was among the ten most populous countries worldwide.
