Ruqayyah Snyder
The Austrian invasion of Venice occurred in the context of the Italian front of the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1796, the young general Napoleon was sent by the newly formed French Republic to confront Austria. Napoleon chose to go through Venice, which was officially neutral. The Venetians reluctantly allowed the French army to enter their country, but the French then began supporting Jacobin revolutionaries within Venice, and the Venetian senate began quiet preparations for war. After the capture of Mantua on 2 February 1797, the French dropped any pretence and openly called for revolution. By 13 March, there was open revolt, with Brescia and Bergamo breaking away. Napoleon occupied Venice on 14 May 1797, leading to the fall of the Republic of Venice and the establishment of the Provisional Municipality of Venice.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Date of Austrian invasion of Venice | 24 August 1849 |
| Treaty that ceded Venice to Austria | Treaty of Campo Formio |
| Date of Treaty of Campo Formio | 12 October 1797 |
| Year Venice was returned to Austrian rule after Napoleon regained power | 1814 |
| Name of the kingdom that included Venice under Austrian rule | Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia |
| Year the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was created | 1815 |
| Year the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was dissolved | 1866 |
| Treaty that transferred Venice from Austria to France | Treaty of Vienna |
| Year of the Treaty of Vienna | 1866 |
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What You'll Learn
Napoleon's invasion of Venice in 1797
The Italian campaign of 1796–1797, also known as the First Italian Campaign, was a series of military operations in Italy during the War of the First Coalition. Led by Napoleon Bonaparte, the First French Republic's Army of Italy fought and defeated the armies of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Papal States, as well as various revolts, notably in the Republic of Venice.
On 2 February 1797, the French removed the last bastion of Habsburg resistance in Italy with the capture of Mantua. The French then began to openly promote the "democratization" of Bergamo, which rose in revolt against Venice on 13 March, establishing the Republic of Bergamo. On 15 April, Napoleon's ambassador to Venice informed the Signoria of Venice of the French intention to support and promote the revolts against the "tyrannical government" of the Republic. The Venetians responded by issuing a proclamation urging all its subjects to remain calm and respect the state's neutrality. On 25 April, Napoleon openly threatened to declare war on Venice unless it democratized. The Venetian Senate acceded to numerous demands but, facing increasing rebellion and the threat of foreign invasion, it abdicated in favour of a transitional government of Jacobins.
On 12 May 1797, Ludovico Manin, the last doge of Venice, formally abolished the Most Serene Republic of Venice after 1,100 years of existence. The French and the Austrians had secretly agreed on 17 April in the Treaty of Leoben that, in exchange for providing Venice to Austria, France would receive Austria's holdings in the Austrian Netherlands. In May 1797, Bonaparte fought a short war to conquer Venice, leading to the fall of the republic. In 1799, Napoleon conquered most of Italy in the name of the French Revolution.
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The Treaty of Campo Formio (1797)
The Treaty of Campo Formio, signed on 17 October 1797, marked the end of the War of the First Coalition and left Great Britain as the sole combatant against revolutionary France. The treaty was signed by Napoleon Bonaparte, representing the French Republic, and Count Philipp von Cobenzl, representing the Austrian monarchy.
The treaty followed Napoleon's victorious campaign in Italy, which saw him occupy Venice on 14 May 1797, leading to the fall of the Republic of Venice. The ancient Republic of Venice was disbanded and its territories partitioned by the French and Austrians. The treaty's public articles concerned only France and Austria, with a Congress of Rastatt to be held to negotiate a final peace for the Holy Roman Empire.
The secret articles of the treaty revealed that Austria, as the personal state of the Emperor, promised to work with France towards certain ends at the congress. One of the provisions of the treaty was the transfer of a number of Austrian territories to France, including the Austrian Netherlands (most of modern-day Belgium). The territories of the Republic of Venice were divided between the two states, with certain islands in the Mediterranean, such as Corfu, and other Venetian possessions in the Ionian Sea, being ceded to France.
The Treaty of Campo Formio reshaped the map of Europe and marked a major step in Napoleon's rise to power. However, it did not bring lasting peace, and one consequence was the Peasants' War, which erupted in the Southern Netherlands in 1798 following the French introduction of conscription.
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The Austrian Empire gains Venice (1797)
In the late 18th century, Venice was a shadow of its former self. In 1796, the young general Napoleon was sent by the newly formed French Republic to confront Austria, passing through Venice, which was officially neutral. The Venetians reluctantly allowed the French army to enter their country. However, the French began supporting Jacobin revolutionaries within Venice, and the Venetian Senate started preparing for war.
In February 1797, the French captured Mantua, and openly called for revolution in the territories of Venice. By 13 March, there was open revolt, with Brescia and Bergamo breaking away. However, pro-Venetian sentiment remained high, and the French were forced to reveal their true intentions. On 14 May 1797, Napoleon occupied Venice, bringing an end to three centuries of independence. Napoleon sacked the Bucentaur (the doge's state barge), stealing the gold and precious stones he found. Napoleon organised the Cisalpine Republic in Italy and became its president.
In October 1797, the Treaty of Campo Formio was signed, and Venice came under the Austrian Empire. In exchange for renouncing all rights to the Austrian Netherlands and recognising the French Cisalpine Republic, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, gained the conquered Venetian territory, including the Dalmatian coast. This treaty ended the War of the First Coalition. The Austrian administration did not last long, and in 1805, the Treaty of Pressburg ceded the Habsburgs' Venetian Province back to France. Napoleon was crowned King of Italy in 1805, and Venice became part of the Kingdom of Italy.
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Napoleon regains Venice (1805)
In 1796, the French Republic sent General Napoleon Bonaparte to confront Austria as part of the Italian front of the French Revolutionary Wars. He chose to go through Venice, which was officially neutral. The Venetians reluctantly allowed the French army to enter their country. However, the French began supporting Jacobin revolutionaries within Venice, and the Venetian Senate started preparing for war. After the capture of Mantua on 2 February 1797, the French called for revolution among the territories of Venice. By 13 March, there was open revolt, with Brescia and Bergamo breaking away.
In May 1797, Napoleon conquered Venice, bringing an end to three centuries of independence. Napoleon sacked the Bucentaur (the doge's state barge), stealing all the gold and precious stones he found. The barge was then sailed to France and used as a galley for prisoners. The Doge Ludovico Manin and the Great Council abdicated, and a pro-French municipal government was put in place. Napoleon organised the Cisalpine Republic in Italy and became its president.
In 1797, the Treaty of Campo Formio ended the War of the First Coalition and, under its terms, the Venetian Province was ceded by the French First Republic to the Habsburg monarchy. However, Napoleon regained power over Venice from the Austrians in 1805 by the Treaty of Pressburg, and it became part of the Kingdom of Italy. On 26 May 1805, Napoleon, having been proclaimed Emperor of the French the previous year, was crowned King of Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy at Milan. Venice thus returned to French control. Napoleon suppressed the religious orders and began large-scale public works in a city that was to become one of the capitals of his empire.
Napoleon's dominance over Italian states ended with his fall as Emperor of the French. In 1814, Napoleon was defeated, and Venice was returned to Austria, under the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
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Venice becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy (1866)
The sovereignty of Venice came to an end in 1797 at the hands of Napoleon. The city was conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte, who occupied it on 14 May 1797, bringing about the fall of the Republic of Venice. The Treaty of Campo Formio, signed on 12 October 1797, placed Venice under the rule of the Austrian Empire.
In 1805, Napoleon regained power over Venice from the Austrians through the Treaty of Pressburg, and it became part of the Kingdom of Italy. Napoleon had been proclaimed Emperor of the French in 1804, and in 1805 he was crowned King of Italy. He began large-scale public works in Venice, constructing a new wing in the Square of St Mark's that was to be a royal residence for himself.
Napoleon was defeated in 1814, and Venice was returned to Austria, becoming part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. In 1848, a revolt briefly re-established the Venetian republic, but it was crushed in 1849. In 1866, after the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice became part of the Kingdom of Italy. This transfer of power was facilitated by the Treaty of Vienna, which was signed on 3 October 1866.
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Frequently asked questions
Austria first gained control of Venice in 1797, when the Treaty of Campo Formio was signed, ending the War of the First Coalition.
Yes, Venice was passed back and forth between Austria and France several times. In 1805, Napoleon regained power over Venice from the Austrians through the Treaty of Pressburg. In 1814, Napoleon was defeated and Venice was returned to Austria under the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. In 1848, Venice rose against Austrian rule, forming the Governo Provvisorio di Venezia (Venice Provisional Government). Austrian forces defeated the Sardinian troops and once again restored Austrian rule in 1849.
Yes, in 1866, war broke out between Austria and Prussia. Italy, which was allied with Prussia, attacked Austrian-held Venetia. Austria ceded Venice to France in the Treaty of Vienna, which then gave it to the Kingdom of Italy.
