Damon Mcknight
The Austrian Empire became Austria-Hungary, or the Dual Monarchy, in 1867. This change was the result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, which established a union between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Compromise created a king of Hungary in addition to the existing Austrian emperor, though these were the same person, and Hungary was granted its own parliament and considerable autonomy.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Year Austria became Austria-Hungary | 1867 |
| Event | Austro-Hungarian Compromise |
| Previous name | Austrian Empire |
| New name | Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Dual Monarchy |
| Type of agreement | Constitutional compromise, constitutional law |
| Parties to the agreement | Emperor Franz Joseph, Hungary |
| Effect | Two semi-independent halves: Kingdom of Hungary and Austrian Empire |
| Monarch | Monarch Franz Joseph, also King of Hungary |
| Monarch's titles | Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary |
| Monarch's wife | Empress Elisabeth, supporter of Hungarian causes |
| Monarch's powers | Authority over foreign affairs, the military, and national security |
| Hungary's powers | Internal autonomy, own parliament, authority over most internal affairs |
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What You'll Learn
The Austrian Empire
In 1866, the Austro-Prussian War resulted in the expulsion of Austria from the German Confederation. This led Emperor Franz Joseph to reorient his policies towards the east and consolidate his heterogeneous empire. The necessity of addressing Hungarian aspirations for independence was recognised, leading to the Compromise of 1867, also known as the Ausgleich or the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. This agreement transformed the Austrian Empire into a real union between the Austrian Empire ("Lands Represented in the Imperial Council", or Cisleithania) in the western and northern half, and the Kingdom of Hungary ("Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen", or Transleithania) in the eastern half. The Austrian government, which had ruled the monarchy until 1867, now governed only the Austrian part, while a separate government was formed for the Hungarian part.
The Compromise of 1867 effectively split the Austrian Empire into two semi-independent halves, with Hungary regaining its parliament and authority over most internal affairs. However, certain aspects of political power remained centralised. Franz Joseph continued as the head of state, serving as both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. The monarchy retained authority over foreign affairs, defence, and the military across the entire empire. This "common monarchy" consisted of the emperor and his court, the minister for foreign affairs, and the minister of war. There was no common prime minister or cabinet, and common affairs were addressed through delegations composed of representatives from the two parliaments.
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The Austro-Hungarian Compromise
The Compromise of 1867 was negotiated by Friedrich Ferdinand, Graf (Count) von Beust, who was the prime minister and foreign minister of Saxony (1858–66) and of the Austrian Empire (1867–71). It was also influenced by Franz Joseph's wife, Empress Elisabeth, who was a noted supporter of Hungarian causes. The agreement put an end to the 18-year-long military dictatorship and absolutist rule over Hungary that Emperor Franz Joseph had instituted after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It restored the territorial integrity and the old historic constitution of the Kingdom of Hungary, granting it full internal autonomy and its own parliament.
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The Ausgleich
The background to the Ausgleich was shaped by several factors. Firstly, the Austrian Empire was weakened by its defeat in the Seven Weeks' War (Austro-Prussian War) of 1866. Additionally, the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and subsequent events had fostered strong anti-Habsburg sentiment in Hungary, with Hungarian political leaders seeking to regain the traditional legal and political status of the Hungarian state. The growing forces of nationalism and events in Prussia also challenged Austrian Habsburg rule in Hungary.
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The Dual Monarchy
The Compromise of 1867, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Compromise or the Ausgleich, was negotiated by Friedrich Ferdinand, Graf (Count) von Beust, the prime minister and foreign minister of the Austrian Empire. The Compromise transformed the Habsburg Monarchy into a union of two semi-independent halves: the Kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian Empire (also referred to as Cisleithania). This change granted Hungary significant autonomy, restoring its parliament and authority over most internal affairs, while retaining Franz Joseph as the head of state.
The establishment of the Dual Monarchy was influenced by the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and subsequent wars of independence by Hungary in opposition to Habsburg rule. The Compromise of 1867 aimed to address Hungarian aspirations for independence and self-government while preserving the union between Austria and Hungary. The resulting system was maintained until the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy after World War I, when Hungary terminated the union with Austria.
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The End of the Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire came to an end in 1806, after surviving for over a thousand years. The process of its end began when the German territories on the west bank of the Rhine were annexed to France in 1801 under the Treaty of Lunéville. The Holy Roman Empire was forced to accept the treaty after French victories at Marengo and Hohenlinden in 1800. The treaty provided for the German rulers who lost territory west of the Rhine to be compensated elsewhere in the empire at the expense of the ecclesiastical states.
In 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself the Emperor of the French, to which Francis II responded by proclaiming himself the Emperor of Austria, in addition to already being the Holy Roman Emperor. This was an attempt to maintain parity between France and Austria, and to illustrate that the Holy Roman title outranked them both. However, Austria's defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz in December 1805, and the subsequent formation of the Confederation of the Rhine, a French satellite state, effectively meant the end of the Holy Roman Empire.
In August 1806, Francis II abdicated and dissolved the entire Imperial hierarchy and its institutions. This was seen as necessary to prevent the possibility of Napoleon proclaiming himself Holy Roman Emperor, which would have reduced Francis II to Napoleon's vassal. The Holy Roman Empire's defeat in the Revolutionary Wars was the most decisive step in the gradual undermining of the empire.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire, also known as the Dual Monarchy, was formed in 1867. This change effectively split the Austrian Empire into two semi-independent halves: the Kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian Empire. The idea behind the change was to grant the Kingdom of Hungary more independence and free up military and other resources. The Compromise of 1867 turned the Habsburg domains into a real union between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, with each having its own government. However, certain aspects of political power remained centralised under the monarchy, such as authority over foreign affairs and the military.
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Frequently asked questions
Austria became Austria-Hungary in 1867, after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise was adopted, joining the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form a dual monarchy.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise was a constitutional law passed by the Hungarian parliament in 1867. It created a dual monarchy, with Franz Joseph as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Hungary was granted its own parliament and considerable autonomy over most internal affairs.
The Hungarians had long been seeking independence from the Austrian Empire, resulting in a brief war in 1848. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise was an attempt to address these issues and maintain the empire as a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs.
