Lyla Lindsey
The Austro-Hungarian Empire entered into several treaties and ententes during its existence. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed in 1919, formally dissolved the empire and established new borders for Austria, reducing it to a small, landlocked state. The Treaty of Trianon, signed in 1920, did the same for Hungary, resulting in significant territorial, population, and resource losses for the country. Additionally, Austria-Hungary formed the Mediterranean Entente with Britain and Italy in 1887 to maintain stability in the Balkans and prevent Russian expansion. They also entered into agreements with Prussia, Germany, Italy, and Russia, and were part of the Central Powers during World War I, which included Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye | Signed between the victorious Allies of World War I and the Republic of German-Austria on 10 September 1919 |
| Treaty of Trianon | Signed between the victorious Allies of World War I and Hungary on 4 June 1920 |
| Mediterranean Entente | An alliance formed with Britain and Italy in 1887 to prevent Russia from expanding into the Balkans |
| Mutual Defence Pacts | Signed with Germany in 1879 and Romania in 1883 against a possible Russian attack |
| Budapest Treaty | Signed between Russia and Austria-Hungary, agreeing not to expand military operations and pledging mutual support in the case of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire |
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What You'll Learn
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Terms of the Treaty
The treaty included the following key terms:
- Recognition of the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later known as Yugoslavia).
- Ceding of eastern Galicia, Trento, southern Tyrol, Trieste, and Istria to Italy.
- Ceding of the main part of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia, the Duchy of Carniola, and Lower Styria to the Yugoslav Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
- Prohibition on Austria from entering into political or economic union with the Weimar Republic without the agreement of the League of Nations.
- Reduction of Austrian territory to approximately 40% of its pre-war size.
- Limitations on the Austrian Army to 30,000 volunteers, with a focus on maintaining order and border control.
- Abolition of conscription and restrictions on the manufacture and trade of arms and munitions.
- Surrender of all warships, submarines, and aircraft.
- Establishment of war crimes tribunals and provisions for the liquidation of the Austro-Hungarian Bank.
Impact of the Treaty
Negotiations and Protests
The negotiations leading to the treaty began during the Paris Peace Conference in June 1919. Austrian Chancellor Karl Renner led the Austrian delegation but faced exclusion from initial negotiations led by French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau. After three months of negotiations and multiple drafts, an Allied ultimatum resulted in Renner signing the treaty. Austrian officials protested the violation of self-determination, the placement of ethnic Germans under Czechoslovak and Italian rule, and the prohibition on unity with Germany.
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The Treaty of Trianon
The Austro-Hungarian Empire had been dissolved, and the treaty redrew Hungary's borders, resulting in the country losing at least two-thirds of its former territory and two-thirds of its inhabitants. Czechoslovakia was given Slovakia, sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, the region of Pressburg (Bratislava), and other minor sites. Austria received western Hungary (most of Burgenland). The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) took Croatia-Slavonia and part of the Banat. Romania received most of Banat and all of Transylvania, and Italy received Fiume. The treaty also laid down rules for the restoration of economic relations between Hungary and foreign countries, including its neighbours – the Entente allies: Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The peace treaty de facto ended the Allied blockade of Hungary and de jure ordered the resumption of regional trade and the supply of coal to Hungary from Czechoslovakia and Poland.
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The Mediterranean Entente
The formation of the Mediterranean Entente was part of a broader series of alliances and treaties among European powers aimed at maintaining stability in the region. This included mutual defence pacts between Austria-Hungary and Germany in 1879 and between Austria-Hungary and Romania in 1883, both of which were directed against potential Russian aggression.
The Treaty of Trianon, signed on June 4, 1920, between Hungary and the Allied and Associated Powers, formally ended World War I between the Allies and the Kingdom of Hungary. The treaty significantly altered Hungary's borders, resulting in the loss of approximately 72% of its pre-war territory, 64% of its population, and a substantial portion of its natural resources. The Entente Powers, particularly Britain and France, assumed that the minority populations in Austria and Hungary desired independence and allowed them to claim territories with significant German- and Hungarian-speaking populations.
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed on September 10, 1919, between the victorious Allies of World War I and the Republic of German-Austria, also played a role in shaping the borders of Austria and Hungary. This treaty reduced both countries to small, landlocked states and had significant political and economic impacts. The Republic of Austria, in particular, lost about 60% of its pre-war territory.
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The Compromise Agreement
Ultimately, the Compromise Agreement was repudiated by Count Mihály Károlyi, the pro-Entente pacifist who seized power in the Aster Revolution on 31 October 1918. This act officially dissolved the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and state. Following this, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (between the victors of World War I and Austria) and the Treaty of Trianon (between the victors and Hungary) were signed in 1919 and 1920, respectively, to regulate the new borders of the two nations and address the distribution of territories with significant German- and Hungarian-speaking populations.
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The Armistice of 11 November 1918
The previous year, in 1917, the October Revolution and the Wilsonian peace pronouncements from January 1918 encouraged socialism and nationalism among the peoples of the Habsburg monarchy. This, in addition to the Austro-Hungarian Army's lack of food and munition supply, and the leftist and pacifist political movements organizing strikes in factories, meant that the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed with dramatic speed in the autumn of 1918. The armistice was signed at 5:00 a.m. on 11 November 1918, to come into effect at 11:00 a.m. CET, and so the occasion is sometimes referred to as "the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month".
The Armistice was prolonged three times before peace was finally ratified on 10 January 1920. The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1919, officially made peace between all the European nations. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed on 10 September 1919, and the Treaty of Trianon, signed on 4 June 1920, regulated the new borders of Austria and Hungary, reducing them to small, landlocked states.
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Frequently asked questions
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 10 September 1919 between the victorious Allies of World War I and the Republic of German-Austria. The treaty declared that the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to be dissolved and that Austria, along with the other Central Powers, accepted responsibility for starting the war.
The Treaty of Trianon was signed on 4 June 1920 between Hungary and the Allied and Associated Powers. The treaty formally terminated the state of war between most of the Allies of World War I and the Kingdom of Hungary, and recognised its new international borders.
The Compromise Agreement was an agreement between Russia and Austria-Hungary, in which both parties agreed not to expand their military operations and pledged mutual support in the case that the Ottoman Empire collapsed.
The Mediterranean Entente was an alliance formed between Austria-Hungary, Britain and Italy in 1887 to prevent Russia from expanding into the Balkans.
Austria-Hungary and Germany had a mutual defence pact and were allies during World War I.
