Leslie Massey
The size of a building is a critical factor in determining whether a sprinkler system is required. In Australia, the National Construction Code (NCC) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards dictate that buildings over 25 metres or 75 feet in height require sprinkler systems. Additionally, the NFPA requires sprinklers in buildings exceeding 5,000 square feet in area, while local and state regulations may also apply. The type of sprinkler system installed depends on the hazard classification of the building, with higher hazard classifications necessitating more water in greater quantities.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Building type | Commercial, residential, industrial |
| Building height | Above 25m, 55ft, 75ft |
| Building size | More than 5000 sq. ft. |
| Occupancy | More than 2 residential occupancy units |
| Construction type | Lightweight (wood-framed) |
| Hazard classification | High hazard |
| Location | State or municipality |
| Standards | AS 2118.1, AS 2118.4, FPAA101D, FPAA101H, AS 2118.6 |
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What You'll Learn
Sprinkler requirements for residential buildings
In Australia, the requirement for fire sprinklers in residential buildings is determined by several factors, including building height, size, type of construction, and occupancy type.
Since 1 July 2018, all new residential buildings over three storeys are required to have automatic sprinklers installed. This rule was brought in as part of a series of changes to the National Construction Code (NCC) endorsed by the states and territories. The NCC is the national standard for residential building construction and incorporates the Building Code of Australia (BCA) and the National Construction Code (NCC).
The NSW government has also introduced sprinkler requirement amendments, mandating that all new medium-rise residential buildings (six storeys or fewer) and high-rise residential buildings (more than six storeys) include sprinklers, regardless of the number of dwellings.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) requires fire sprinklers in residential buildings that are more than 5,000 square feet in area. Building codes may also have different requirements based on the size of the building. For example, buildings made of lightweight construction materials, such as wood-framed buildings, are more likely to require fire sprinklers. On the other hand, buildings made of heavy construction materials, such as masonry or concrete, are less likely to need them.
The type of occupancy is also a significant factor. Residential buildings used as care facilities, such as assisted living or nursing homes, must have fire sprinklers installed.
The NCC 2019 does not require sprinklers in Class 2 and 3 buildings of less than four storeys. However, the Home Fire Sprinkler Coalition recommends FPAA101D or FPAA101H be used in these buildings. The NCC 2019 also requires all Class 3 buildings used as "residential care buildings" to be sprinkler-protected regardless of size, and these buildings can only use an AS 2118.1 or AS 2118.4 system. For all buildings over 25 metres, the NCC 2019 requires sprinkler systems to Australian Standards AS 2118.1 or AS 2118.6.
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Commercial building sprinkler rules
Commercial building owners need to be aware of the fire sprinkler requirements for their property, as these vary depending on factors such as occupancy, location, and size. Here are the key rules and guidelines for commercial building sprinkler systems in Australia:
Sprinkler System Requirements:
Firstly, it's important to understand the different types of fire protection systems. Passive fire protection focuses on containing a fire, while active fire protection aims to stop the fire from spreading. Sprinkler systems fall under active fire protection, as they are automated to release water when heat is detected.
In Australia, the National Construction Code (NCC) outlines the requirements for fire sprinkler systems. According to the NCC, any building with a Class 2 or 3 part, a rise in storeys of four or more, and an effective height of not more than 25 meters requires a fire sprinkler system. This excludes residential care buildings. Additionally, all Class 2 and 3 buildings over 25 meters in height must have a sprinkler system throughout.
Specific Rules for Commercial Buildings:
Commercial buildings in Australia must adhere to the following sprinkler system rules:
- All new commercial structures with a fire area of more than 5,000 square feet must install automatic fire sprinkler systems.
- If remodelling or expanding increases the fire area beyond 5,000 square feet, sprinkler systems must be installed throughout the building.
- Buildings taller than 55 feet must have automatic sprinkler systems.
- Townhomes with more than two residential occupancy units require sprinkler systems.
- The type of sprinkler system depends on the hazard classification of the building as outlined in the NCC. Higher hazard classifications require larger volumes of water in shorter response times.
Alternative Fire Protection Measures:
When a sprinkler system is not used, passive fire protection measures are necessary. This includes fire-rated walls, floors, and doors that help prevent the spread of flames. Fire extinguishers are also required in most buildings, especially those without sprinkler systems. However, passive fire protection should not be the sole reliance and is most effective when used alongside active fire protection measures.
It's important to note that local, state, and federal rules may have additional requirements, so building owners should refer to specific guidelines for their area to ensure compliance with safety standards.
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Sprinkler system types
The type of sprinkler system required for a building in Australia depends on the hazard classification of the building according to the NCC. The higher the hazard classification, the more water is required.
There are several types of sprinkler systems, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of the most common types:
Wet pipe systems are the most common type of sprinkler system. They are simple and reliable, consisting of a network of pipes filled with water that is released when a sprinkler head is activated by heat.
Dry pipe systems are used in unoccupied areas where pipes may freeze. The pipes are filled with air under pressure, and when a sprinkler head is activated, the air escapes and water flows through the pipes.
Pre-action systems are similar to dry pipe systems, but an electronic valve prevents water from entering the pipes until the system is activated by heat. This type of system is more expensive but is used in areas where accidental discharge must be prevented.
Deluge systems are similar to wet pipe systems, but the sprinkler heads are always open, and water is released to the entire system when smoke or heat is detected.
When it comes to lawn sprinkler systems, there are a few additional types to consider:
Above-ground sprinkler systems are usually more affordable and easier to install than in-ground systems. They are a popular choice for those on a budget.
In-ground sprinkler systems tend to be more expensive due to the excavation work and additional equipment required. However, they can be more discreet and may be better suited to certain types of landscapes.
Rotary sprinklers have rotating arms that distribute water in a circular pattern, providing even coverage. They are adjustable and can cover a wide area, making them ideal for large lawns.
Impact sprinklers are sturdy, durable, and versatile. They operate by rotating on a bearing and can cover large areas. They are suitable for irregularly shaped lawns.
Oscillating sprinklers are a good choice for lawns with an irregular shape. They can also be used for smaller lawns if adjusted and positioned properly.
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Hazard classifications
The hazard classification of a building is a crucial factor in determining the type of sprinkler system required and the associated design considerations. In Australia, the National Construction Code (NCC) outlines three primary hazard classifications: Light Hazard (LH), Ordinary Hazard (OH), and High Hazard (HH). These classifications are based on the occupancy and use of the building. Here is a detailed overview of these hazard classifications:
- Light Hazard (LH): The Light Hazard classification applies to buildings with relatively low fire risks. Occupancies in this category include residential buildings, offices, and other spaces where the quantity and combustibility of materials are generally low. The number of sprinklers required in LH areas is typically lower compared to other classifications.
- Ordinary Hazard (OH): Ordinary Hazard refers to buildings where the fire load is moderate. This classification includes malls, light manufacturing facilities, parking garages, workshops, and restaurants. Fires in these environments are expected to grow with moderate heat release rates, and the sprinkler system design must account for this. OH areas usually require a more extensive sprinkler network and a higher water volume than LH areas.
- High Hazard (HH): High Hazard classifications are assigned to buildings with a high fire load and the potential for rapidly spreading or intense fires. This includes industrial buildings where materials processed or stored have high combustibility. Examples include storage warehouses, aircraft hangars, and manufacturing facilities. HH areas demand the highest water volume in the shortest time, requiring a robust sprinkler system with adequate water storage and fire pumps.
It is important to note that these hazard classifications are not exhaustive, and there may be variations or additional categories defined by local, state, or federal regulations in Australia. For instance, some sources mention additional classifications like Low Hazard, Moderate Hazard, and Severe Hazard, each with its own specific criteria and requirements.
Furthermore, the height of the building also plays a significant role in sprinkler system requirements. In Australia, sprinklers are typically mandated throughout Class 1–9 buildings if any part of the structure exceeds an effective height of 25 meters. Additionally, buildings taller than 55 feet (approximately 16.76 meters) generally require automatic sprinkler systems, as outlined by NFPA 13, a widely recognized standard.
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Building height regulations
The height of a building is a crucial factor in determining whether a sprinkler system is required. Building height regulations pertaining to sprinkler systems in Australia are as follows:
Firstly, according to the National Construction Code (NCC), all new residential buildings over three storeys or 25 metres in height are mandated to have automatic sprinkler systems installed. This regulation came into effect on July 1, 2018, and applies irrespective of the number of dwellings within the building.
Secondly, the NCC also stipulates that all new medium-rise residential buildings up to six storeys must be equipped with sprinkler systems, regardless of the quantity of dwellings.
Thirdly, the NCC requires that all new high-rise residential buildings, which are structures exceeding six storeys, must incorporate sprinkler systems, irrespective of the number of dwellings.
In addition to the NCC regulations, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) sets standards for sprinkler system requirements. According to NFPA guidelines, buildings that exceed 75 feet (roughly 23 metres) in height are mandated to have fire sprinkler systems installed.
It is worth noting that local, state, and federal rules may also impose additional requirements. These regulations can vary based on factors such as occupancy type, construction materials, and the specific state or municipality in which the building is located.
Furthermore, the hazard classification of the building, as outlined in the NCC, also influences the type of sprinkler system to be installed. Higher hazard classifications necessitate increased water volumes and storage capacities.
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Frequently asked questions
The requirement for fire sprinklers in buildings is determined by several factors, including building height, size, type of construction, and occupancy type.
According to the NCC 2019, all buildings over 25 meters require sprinkler systems. Some sources also state that buildings over 55 feet or 75 feet require sprinkler systems.
Yes, according to the NFPA, buildings with a fire area of more than 5,000 square feet require sprinkler systems.
Yes, since 1 July 2018, all new residential buildings over three storeys in Australia are required to have automatic sprinklers installed.
Yes, the requirement for commercial buildings depends on the structure's size and what is being stored inside.
