Austria's Majestic Castles: A Traveler's Guide

Austria is brimming with centuries-old castles and palaces. Many of these impressive structures have been carefully restored and opened to the public, offering guided tours and anecdotes from the extravagant daily lives of the nobility. From Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna to the medieval castle of Hochosterwitz, here is a selection of must-see castles in Austria.

Schönbrunn Palace

The palace boasts 1,441 rooms and is one of the most important architectural, cultural, and historic monuments in Austria. Its history spans over 300 years, reflecting the changing tastes and aspirations of successive Habsburg monarchs. The palace grounds feature the world's oldest zoo, and the complex includes luxuries such as an orangerie, a palm house, and a botanical garden.

The origins of the palace can be traced back to 1569 when Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a large floodplain of the Wien river. The area was used as a hunting and recreation ground, and in 1642, Eleonora Gonzaga, the wife of Emperor Ferdinand II, built a pleasure palace on the site and named it "Schönbrunn". The palace was later remodelled during the 1740s-50s under Empress Maria Theresa, who received the estate as a wedding gift.

Today, visitors can explore the private apartments of Emperor Franz Joseph and Empress Elisabeth, as well as the state apartments and reception rooms. The palace is known for its lavish interiors in the Rococo style, and Mozart is said to have performed in the mirrored hall as a six-year-old prodigy. The palace also features a Round Chinese Cabinet, where Maria Theresa held secret conferences, and the Vieux Laque Room, where Napoleon held meetings.

The Schönbrunn Palace gardens are a true masterpiece, meticulously manicured and offering stunning views. The complex is a popular filming location and has been featured in productions such as the Sissi trilogy, A Breath of Scandal with Sophia Loren, and the Bond movie The Living Daylights.

Fortress Hohensalzburg

History

Archbishop Gebhard built the Hohensalzburg Fortress in 1077, with the original design being a basic bailey with a wooden wall. The fortress was gradually expanded over the following centuries, with ring walls and towers added in 1462 under Prince-Archbishop Burkhard II von Weißpriach. The fortress took on its present appearance around 1500 under Prince-Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach, who was responsible for adding the external bastions, magnificent state apartments, and the Golden Hall.

Hohensalzburg Fortress has a rich history and has never been taken by foreign troops. The only time it came under siege was during the German Peasants' War in 1525, when a group of miners, farmers, and townspeople tried to oust Prince-Archbishop Matthäus Lang but failed. During the Napoleonic War of the Second Coalition in 1800, the fortress was surrendered without a fight to French troops, and the last Prince-Archbishop fled to Vienna. In the 19th century, it was used as barracks, a storage depot, and a dungeon before being abandoned as a military outpost in 1861.

Attractions

The fortress offers a 360-degree panoramic view of the city of Salzburg and the Alps. It houses several museums, including the Fortress Museum, the Marionette Museum, and the Museum of the Rainer Regiment, which showcase historical exhibits, medieval armour, and weapons. The historic armoury features an interactive exhibition on suits of armour and weapons. The fortress also houses the Princes' Chambers, which include the Princes' Hall, the Golden Chamber, and the Golden Hall, with original furnishings from the 16th century. The Golden Room is a magical space where daily chamber music concerts are held. The fortress is also home to the world's oldest barrel organ, which can be heard three times a day.

Schloss Ambras Innsbruck

The history of Schloss Ambras Innsbruck dates back to the 11th century, when it was first mentioned in a historical document. In 1363, the castle passed into the hands of the Habsburg Dynasty. However, it was not until the 16th century that the medieval fortress was transformed into a Renaissance castle by Archduke Ferdinand II. The cultured humanist and patron of the arts, who was the second son of Emperor Ferdinand I, ordered the renovation as a gift for his wife, Philippine Welser, an untitled commoner whom he had married in secret.

The Lower Castle contains armouries featuring masterpieces of European armourers' art from the time of Emperor Maximilian I to Emperor Leopold I. Above this is the famous Spanish Hall, a notable example of German Renaissance architecture, boasting intricate wood-inlay ceilings and walls adorned with 27 full-length portraits of the rulers of Tyrol. The Upper Castle houses the extensive Habsburg Portrait Gallery, featuring paintings of numerous members of the House of Austria and other leading European dynasties. It also includes the Saint George Altar of Emperor Maximilian I and a collection of late-medieval paintings.

Kreuzenstein Castle

The origins of the castle can be traced back to the Counts of Formbach, who originally built it. Over the centuries, it passed through the hands of various noble families, including the Counts of Wasserburg and the Habsburgs. In the 19th century, it came into the possession of the Wilczek family, who rebuilt it using money from their Silesian coal mines. The current owner is Johan-Christian Count Wilczek.

The castle is open to the public and offers guided tours. Visitors can admire the impressive armoury, which includes one of the oldest surviving medieval catapults, as well as a collection of medieval furnishings and historical artefacts. The castle also features a moat, secret tunnels, and a powerful central castle with a drawbridge.

In addition to the castle itself, there is an adjacent restaurant, Burgtaverne Kreuzenstein, which serves medieval food using seasonal ingredients and medieval recipes. There is also a falconry show, known as Adlerwarte Kreuzenstein, held on the estate from April to October.

Schloss Esterhazy

Schloss Esterházy, located in Eisenstadt, Austria, is one of the most beautiful baroque palaces in the country. Its rich history dates back to the 13th century, when it was originally constructed as a castle for defence purposes. In the 17th century, it underwent a significant transformation into a baroque palace by the Hungarian Esterházy family, who owned the estate for over 300 years. Today, it stands as a testament to the opulent lifestyle of the princes and a hub for cultural events.

A Glimpse into the Past

The origins of Schloss Esterházy can be traced back to a 13th-century castle, which underwent continuous remodelling and expansion over the centuries. In 1649, the castle came into the possession of the Esterházy family, who remodelled it into a baroque palace under Paul I in the second half of the 17th century. The rich stucco decoration, a hallmark of the baroque era, was crafted by the Italian master Andrea Bertinalli. The palace served as the main residence and administrative centre of the family for over three centuries.

Architectural Transformation

The architectural history of Schloss Esterházy reflects a transition from a medieval castle built for defence to a palace designed for comfort and grandeur. The moats, which were once a crucial defence mechanism, were removed in the early 19th century. Over time, the palace's architectural style was modified to align with the tastes of the respective eras. The interior design, including the installation of furnaces and stucco ceilings, underwent changes in the 18th century, while the two main staircases were renewed.

Cultural Significance

Schloss Esterházy has been a pivotal cultural hub, with the famous composer Joseph Haydn working there for most of his life. The palace's Haydnsaal, originally a large multi-purpose festival and banquet room, is now recognised as one of the most acoustically perfect concert halls worldwide. Many of Haydn's compositions were premiered in this very palace, bearing testament to the cultural influence of the Esterházy family.

A Tourist Attraction

Today, Schloss Esterházy is a major tourist attraction, offering visitors a glimpse into its lavish rooms, exquisite furnishings, and artwork. Guided tours are available, providing an informative journey through the palace's history. Visitors can also explore the extensive grounds, which include a wine museum and gift shop. The palace stands as a testament to Austria's rich historical and cultural heritage, welcoming guests from around the world to experience its grandeur and immerse themselves in its captivating past.

Frequently asked questions