Transylvania's Location: Austria, Hungary, Or Romania?

Transylvania is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, located in central Romania. It is bordered by the Carpathian Mountains to the east and south, and the Apuseni Mountains to the west. The region is known for its diverse history, multicultural character, and scenic landscape.

Transylvania has historically been ruled by various kingdoms and empires, including the Dacian Kingdom, the Roman Empire, the Kingdom of the Gepids, the Avar Khaganate, the First Bulgarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Transylvania was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, with dual suzerainty under both Ottoman and Habsburg kings of Hungary.

After the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburg monarchy gained control of Transylvania through the Hungarian crown. In 1690, Emperor Leopold I of the Habsburgs officially claimed Transylvania, and it was incorporated into the Habsburg Empire. In 1711, following the failure of Rákóczi's War of Independence, the Habsburgs consolidated their control, replacing Hungarian princes with Habsburg imperial governors.

During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania. However, after the revolution failed, the March Constitution of Austria decreed that Transylvania would be a separate crown land, independent of Hungary. In 1867, with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Transylvania was once again incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Following World War I, the National Assembly of Romanians from Transylvania proclaimed the union of Transylvania with Romania on December 1, 1918. This union was confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. After World War II, Northern Transylvania, which had been ceded to Hungary in 1940, was returned to Romania, and it has remained a part of Romania since.

Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11th to 16th centuries

Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11th to the 16th centuries. It was under the rule of the Agathyrsi, part of the Dacian Kingdom (168 BC–106 AD), Roman Dacia (106–271), the Goths, the Hunnic Empire (4th–5th centuries), the Kingdom of the Gepids (5th–6th centuries), the Avar Khaganate (6th–9th centuries), the Slavs, and the 9th century First Bulgarian Empire. During the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and conquered by the Hungarian tribes, and Gyula's family from the seven chieftains of the Hungarians ruled it in the 10th century.

King Stephen I of Hungary asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle Gyula III and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1002. Place names derived from the Hungarian tribes evidence that major Hungarian groups settled in Transylvania from the 950s. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Southeast and Northeast Transylvania was settled by Saxon colonists. In Romanian historiography, Romanians constituted an important part of Transylvania's population even on the eve of the Mongol Invasions. Hungarian historiography claims that the Vlach population entered Transylvania from the Balkans only in the 12th century, and the devastating invasion of Mongols had also as consequence the large-scale immigration by Romanians, however the immigration of Romanians did not happen all at once, the process of settlement stretched over several centuries. After the Battle of Kosovo and Ottoman arrival at the Hungarian border, thousands of Vlach and Serbian refugees came to Transylvania.

Between 1002 and 1526, Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by a voivode appointed by the King of Hungary. After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Transylvania became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. Later, in 1570, the kingdom became the Principality of Transylvania by the Treaty of Speyer, which was ruled primarily by Calvinist Hungarian princes. The Eastern Hungarian king became the first prince of Transylvania, according to the treaty. The Principality of Transylvania continued to be part of the Kingdom of Hungary in the sense of public law, which stressed in a highly significant way that John Sigismund's possessions belonged to the Holy Crown of Hungary and he was not permitted to alienate them.

Transylvania was an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries

Transylvania was an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries. During this period, Transylvania was ruled primarily by Hungarian princes and was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.

Transylvania was a semi-independent state, with its territory including not only traditional Transylvanian lands but also Partium, which was comparable in size to Transylvania proper. The establishment of the principality was connected to the Treaty of Speyer, which was ratified in 1571. The treaty also recognised that the Principality of Transylvania belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary in the sense of public law.

Transylvania's status as an autonomous principality emerged after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, which saw the Hungarian forces suffer a decisive defeat at the hands of the Ottoman Empire. Following this, Transylvania became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, from which the Principality of Transylvania emerged in 1570. During this period, Transylvania was ruled by John Zápolya, who was elected king of Hungary.

Transylvania's status as an autonomous principality was short-lived, however. In 1690, the Habsburg monarchy gained possession of Transylvania through the Hungarian crown, and in 1711, after the failure of Rákóczi's War of Independence, Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated.

Transylvania was part of Hungary again at the end of the 17th century

Transylvania was part of Hungary in the 11th–16th centuries. It then became an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries, before once again becoming part of Hungary at the end of the 17th century.

Transylvania was ruled by the Agathyrsi, part of the Dacian Kingdom (168 BC–106 AD), Roman Dacia (106–271), the Goths, the Hunnic Empire (4th–5th centuries), the Kingdom of the Gepids (5th–6th centuries), the Avar Khaganate (6th–9th centuries), the Slavs, and the 9th-century First Bulgarian Empire. During the late 9th century, Transylvania was conquered by the Hungarian tribes, and the family of Gyula II of the seven chieftains of the Hungarians ruled Transylvania in the 10th century.

King Stephen I of Hungary asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle Gyula III, and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1002. It was part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1526, when it became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.

In 1690, the Habsburg monarchy gained possession of Transylvania through the Hungarian crown. After the failure of Rákóczi's War of Independence in 1711, Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated, and Hungarian Transylvanian princes were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania. After the failure of the revolution, the March Constitution of Austria decreed that the Principality of Transylvania be a separate crown land entirely independent of Hungary.

Transylvania was once again incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary in 1867 as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was incorporated into Romania in the first half of the 20th century.

Transylvania was incorporated into Romania in the first half of the 20th century

Transylvania, a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, was incorporated into Romania in the first half of the 20th century. The region, which is now in central Romania, was historically part of the Kingdom of Hungary.

Transylvania was under the rule of the Agathyrsi, the Dacian Kingdom, Roman Dacia, the Goths, the Hunnic Empire, the Kingdom of the Gepids, the Avar Khaganate, the Slavs, and the First Bulgarian Empire. During the late 9th century, Transylvania was conquered by the Hungarian tribes, and in the 10th century, it was ruled by the family of Gyula II of the seven chieftains of the Hungarians. In 1002, King Stephen I of Hungary asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords, and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Transylvania was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, and in 1690, the Habsburg monarchy gained possession of the region through the Hungarian crown. After the failure of Rákóczi's War of Independence in 1711, Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated, and Hungarian princes were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors.

During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania. However, after the failure of the revolution, the March Constitution of Austria decreed that the Principality of Transylvania be a separate crown land entirely independent of Hungary.

In the first half of the 20th century, after World War I, the National Assembly of Romanians from Transylvania proclaimed the Union of Transylvania with Romania on December 1, 1918, and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Romania by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.

Transylvania has a rich history and is known for its multicultural character, with significant Hungarian and German influences. The region is also famous for its scenic Carpathian landscape and well-preserved medieval cities and towns, such as Brașov, Sibiu, Târgu Mureș, and Sighișoara.

Transylvania has a rich multicultural character, with Hungarian, Romanian, and Saxon heritage

Transylvania is a historic and cultural region in Central Europe, now in Romania. It is known for its rich history and multicultural character, with Hungarian, Romanian, and Saxon (German) heritage.

Transylvania was under the rule of the Agathyrsi, the Dacian Kingdom, Roman Dacia, the Goths, the Hunnic Empire, the Kingdom of the Gepids, the Avar Khaganate, the Slavs, and the First Bulgarian Empire. In the late 9th century, Transylvania was conquered by Hungarian tribes, and in the 10th century, it was ruled by the family of Gyula II of the seven chieftains of the Hungarians. In 1002, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Transylvania was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, with dual suzerainty to the Ottoman and Habsburg kings of Hungary. In 1690, the Habsburg monarchy gained possession of Transylvania through the Hungarian crown. After the failure of Rákóczi's War of Independence in 1711, Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated, and Hungarian princes were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors.

Transylvania has a rich multicultural character due to its varied history. The region has traces of Hungarian, Romanian, and Saxon (German) cultural traditions. The Hungarian name "Erdély" means "forest" in Hungarian, referring to the region's forested landscape. The Romanian name "Ardeal" is derived from the Hungarian name. The German name "Siebenbürgen" means "seven castles," referring to the seven fortified cities of the Transylvanian Saxons.

The population of Transylvania is ethnically, linguistically, and culturally diverse. The majority of the present population is Romanian, but large minorities, including Hungarians and Roma, preserve their traditions. Transylvania also has a significant Hungarian-speaking minority, with slightly less than half identifying as Székely, a Hungarian ethnic group. Ethnic Germans in Transylvania, known as Saxons, comprise about one percent of the population, and Austrian and German influences remain in the region's architecture and urban landscape.

Transylvania's religious history is also diverse. The region has been a centre for Christian denominations such as Latin Catholicism, Greek Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Calvinism, Unitarianism, and Baptist denominations. Historically, Transylvania was known for its religious tolerance, with the Diet of Torda in 1568 declaring freedom of religion and establishing equality for Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Unitarian Churches.

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