Lexi Webster
Hungary and Austria were part of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This union was formed in 1867 through a compromise between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, which had sought greater self-governance and independence from Austrian rule. Despite being separate countries under international law, the two shared a common monarch and jointly managed foreign relations and defence. The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed at the end of World War I, and Hungary's independence was recognised in 1919 through the Treaty of St.-Germain.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Year Hungary became part of Austria | 1867 |
| Name of the union | Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Doppelmonarchie, Dual Monarchy |
| Type of union | Real union |
| Monarch | Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary |
| Government | Separate governments for Austria and Hungary, Common government for national security matters |
| Ministries | Foreign affairs, defence, finance |
| Parliaments | Separate parliaments for Austria and Hungary |
| Prime ministers | Separate prime ministers for Austria and Hungary |
| Extent of union | Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, Bukovina, Transylvania, Carniola, Küstenland, Dalmatia, Croatia, Fiume, and Galicia |
| Population | Third-most populous country in Europe |
| Geography | Second-largest country in Europe |
| Industry | Fourth-largest machine-building industry in the world |
| End of union | 1918 |
| Post-union | Hungary's independence recognised by Treaty of St.-Germain in 1919 |
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What You'll Learn
The Compromise of 1867
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise established a military and diplomatic alliance between two sovereign states: Austria and Hungary. The compromise partially restored the sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary, which had been lost after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It ended the 18-year-long military dictatorship and absolutist rule over Hungary that Emperor Franz Joseph had instituted after the revolution. The territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary was restored, along with its old historic constitution.
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The Hungarian Revolution of 1848
In the lead-up to the revolution, Lajos Kossuth, a member of the Hungarian Diet in Pressburg (now Bratislava), gave a revolutionary speech on March 3, 1848, demanding political co-determination and a constitutional monarchy. On March 13, the revolution broke out in Vienna, and the Emperor appointed Count Louis Batthyány premier of the first Hungarian responsible ministry, which included Kossuth. On March 17, 1848, Batthyány created the first Hungarian responsible government, serving as Prime Minister.
The revolution in Hungary was seen as a war of independence by the Magyars, the dominant ethnic group in the country. However, the lack of support from non-Magyar nationalities was evident, and it led to national animosities. The Hungarian Honvéd units, the revolutionary army of 170,000 troops, clashed with Romanian, Slovakian, and Serbian irregulars, resulting in considerable bloodshed. The Hungarian struggle for independence was ultimately crushed by the Austrian military with assistance from Russia, leading to absolutist rule from Vienna and further resentment among Hungarians towards the Habsburg dominion.
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The Habsburgs and Ottoman Rule
The medieval Kingdom of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1526, marking the start of Ottoman rule. The territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary was reduced by around 60% during the Ottoman wars, with central territories annexed by the Ottoman Empire for 150 years. In 1570, King Sigismund Zápolya abdicated as King of Hungary in favour of Emperor Maximilian II under the Treaty of Speyer.
The Habsburgs were recognised as Kings of Hungary in the wake of the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Mohács in 1526. This period of Habsburg rule was marked by a power struggle with the Ottomans, with the Hungarians recognising the weakness of their position under the Habsburgs. The Hungarians wanted the Ottomans ousted, while Vienna wanted to maintain peace with them. As a result, many Hungarians became anti-Habsburg, complaining about foreign rule and the behaviour of foreign garrisons. The Austrian branch of the Habsburg monarchy needed Hungary's economic power for the Ottoman wars.
In the 19th century, Hungary was part of the Austrian Empire, ruled by the Habsburg monarchy. The Hungarians resented Habsburg dominion, and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was crushed by the Austrian military with Russian assistance. In the 1860s, the Austrian Empire faced two significant defeats: the loss of the Second Italian War of Independence and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which led to the dissolution of the German Confederation.
The Compromise of 1867, also known as the Ausgleich, turned the Habsburg domains into a real union between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, establishing the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Hungary gained considerable autonomy over its internal affairs and control over its non-Magyar ethnic groups, with its own parliament and government. The two halves of the monarchy shared a common monarch, with joint management of foreign relations and defence, while all other state functions were handled separately.
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The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
The origins of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy can be traced back to the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, which was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1526. The territory of the Kingdom of Hungary was reduced by around 60% during the Ottoman wars, with the central regions falling under Ottoman rule for 150 years. The remaining parts of the kingdom were divided between the rival rulers John I and Ferdinand I, with John I securing the eastern region known as the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, and Ferdinand I taking control of the northern and western portions, known as Royal Hungary. The Habsburgs, who were recognized as Kings of Hungary in the wake of the Ottoman victory, avoided filling the office of palatine to prevent any challenge to their power.
In the 19th century, Hungary came under the rule of the Austrian Empire, which was led by the Habsburg monarchy. However, there was significant resentment towards Habsburg rule in Hungary, and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, led by the popular reform leader Lajos Kossuth, sought independence from the Austrian Empire. While this revolution was crushed by Austrian and Russian forces, it set the stage for the eventual compromise reached in 1867.
The Compromise of 1867 turned the Habsburg domains into a real union, with the Austrian Empire in the western and northern half and the Kingdom of Hungary in the eastern half. Each half had its own government, parliament, and prime minister, with a common monarch and jointly managed foreign relations and defense. This arrangement lasted until the end of World War I, when the Hungarian parliament declared independence from Austria on October 17, 1918.
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The Hungarian Declaration of Independence
The declaration was made possible by the positive mood created by the military successes of the Spring Campaign. It stated that the "House of Habsburg-Lorraine, perjured in the sight of God and man, had forfeited the Hungarian throne", accusing the Habsburgs of various crimes, including robbery, destruction of property, and murder. The declaration was a culmination of growing resentment towards the Habsburg dominion, which had been further exacerbated by the revocation of the April Laws by the new Austrian monarch, Franz Joseph I, in 1848. This unconstitutional act escalated the conflict between the Hungarian parliament and the monarchy, leading to strong anti-Habsburg sentiment and a push for total independence.
The Hungarian Revolution of 1848, closely linked to other revolutions in Habsburg areas, was a significant event in Hungary's modern history, despite its ultimate failure. It marked a turning point, as the Hungarian parliament, led by Kossuth's followers demanding full independence, gained power. The revolution also resulted in the enactment of a law implementing democratic parliamentary elections, transforming the old feudal parliament into a democratic representative body.
Following the revolution, the Hungarian state's level of autonomy was replaced with absolutist rule from Vienna, increasing Hungarian resentment. It wasn't until the Compromise of 1867 that Hungary gained considerable autonomy over its internal affairs and control over its non-Magyar ethnic groups. This agreement, known as the Ausgleich, turned the Habsburg domains into a real union between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, with each having its own government and parliament. While they shared a common monarch and jointly managed foreign relations and defence, all other state functions were handled separately.
It wasn't until the end of World War I that the Austro-Hungarian Empire broke up, with the Hungarian parliament declaring independence from Austria on October 17, 1918, and the Treaty of St.-Germain recognizing Hungary's independence on September 10, 1919.
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Frequently asked questions
Hungary was part of Austria due to the Compromise of 1867, which created a dual monarchy between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. This agreement granted Hungary internal autonomy and control over its non-Magyar ethnic groups, while the two countries shared a common monarch and jointly managed foreign relations and defense.
The Compromise of 1867, also known as the Ausgleich, was significant because it established the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and granted Hungary considerable autonomy over its internal affairs. This compromise transformed the Habsburg domains into a real union, with the Austrian Empire in the western and northern half and the Kingdom of Hungary in the eastern half.
The Compromise of 1867 had several consequences. It created a common government, the Ministerial Council for Common Affairs, to oversee national security, the common army, navy, foreign policy, and the imperial household. Additionally, it established separate parliaments and governments for Austria and Hungary, each with its own prime minister. The agreement also allocated common expenditures with 70% attributed to Austria and 30% to Hungary.
