Leslie Massey
Australia's fertility rate has been on a downward trajectory, hitting a record low in 2023, with 286,998 registered births, a 4.6% decrease from the previous year. The fertility rate for Australian women was 1.5 births per woman, while the Northern Territory recorded the highest fertility rate of 1.86 babies per woman, with the lowest being in Victoria at 1.43. This decline has been attributed to various factors, including age, with the fertility rate among women aged 15-19 decreasing by two-thirds over the past 30 years.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| State with the highest fertility rate | Northern Territory |
| Fertility rate of the state with the highest fertility rate | 1.86 babies per woman |
| State with the lowest fertility rate | Victoria |
| Fertility rate of the state with the lowest fertility rate | 1.43 babies per woman |
| Total fertility rate for all Australian women | 1.50 births per woman |
| Total fertility rate for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women | 2.17 births per woman |
| Median age of mothers who are Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander | 26.8 years |
| Median age of all mothers | 31.9 years |
| Total fertility rate in 2023 | 1.57 in Western Australia |
| Total fertility rate in very remote areas | 1.82 |
| Local Government Area with the highest total fertility rate | Cherbourg, Qld (4.02) |
| Local Government Areas with the lowest total fertility rate | Adelaide, SA (0.60) |
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What You'll Learn
Northern Territory's fertility rate
Australia's fertility rate hit a record low in 2020, with a rate of 1.58. The Northern Territory recorded the highest fertility rate of 1.86 babies per woman, while Victoria recorded the lowest at 1.43 babies per woman.
The Northern Territory's fertility rate has fluctuated over the past decade. In 2023, the territory experienced the greatest drop in fertility rate compared to other states and territories, except for Tasmania. The fertility rate for women aged 15-19 and 20-24 in the Northern Territory was notably higher than in other states and the ACT.
The total fertility rate for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women in the Northern Territory was 2.17 births per woman, according to 2021 data. The median age of mothers in this group was 26.8 years, five years younger than the median age of all mothers in the territory.
The Northern Territory's fertility rate of 1.86 babies per woman is higher than the Australian average of 1.5 babies per woman. The territory's rate has remained relatively stable over the past decade, with a slow decline from 1.9 in 1990 to 1.86 in 2020.
In summary, the Northern Territory has the highest fertility rate in Australia, with a rate of 1.86 babies per woman. This rate has fluctuated over the years, with recent declines, but remains higher than the national average. The territory also has a higher fertility rate among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and younger women, contributing to its overall higher fertility rate compared to other states and territories.
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Fertility rates in major cities
Australia's fertility rate has been declining since 1976, barring the years between 2001 and 2008. In 2023, the fertility rate was 1.50 births per woman, the lowest ever recorded. This is a notable decrease from 2022, when the fertility rate was 1.63. The fertility rate in 2023 was below the replacement level, which is about 2.1 births per woman.
Fertility rates are generally lower in major cities than in regional and remote areas. Adelaide, South Australia, had the lowest fertility rate among LGAs at 0.60, while Cherbourg, Queensland, had the highest at 4.02. The 10 LGAs with the highest fertility rates (2.78 or higher) were: Bland, Bogan, Coonamble, Gilgandra, Temora, Walgett, Warren (all in NSW); Cherbourg, Doomadgee (Qld); and Wagin (WA).
In 2023, the fertility rate ranged from 1.31 in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) to 1.57 in Western Australia. Between 2022 and 2023, all states and territories except Tasmania experienced a drop in fertility rates, with the Northern Territory, Queensland, and New South Wales seeing the most significant decreases.
The COVID-19 pandemic also impacted fertility rates in Australia. In 2021, there was a nationwide fertility increase, with major cities exhibiting a gradual return to pre-pandemic birth rates. However, Victoria showed slower growth, especially in areas with higher unemployment, lower income, and more non-English speaking residents.
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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander fertility
The Northern Territory recorded the highest fertility rate in Australia of 1.86 babies per woman in 2020, while Victoria recorded the lowest at 1.43 babies per woman. The fertility rate has slowly declined from 1.9 in 1990 to 1.58 in 2020, with a record low of 1.50 births per woman in 2023.
For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, the fertility rate was 2.17 births per woman in 2023, significantly higher than the national average. The median age of mothers was 26.8 years, five years younger than the median age of all mothers (31.9 years). The median age of fathers was 28.9 years, also five years younger than the median age of all fathers (33.8 years).
The higher fertility rate among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women may be influenced by various factors, including cultural values, socioeconomic status, and access to reproductive health services. It is important to note that data interpretation should be approached with caution due to potential changes in the completeness and coverage of responses to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander question on birth registration forms.
While fertility rates have generally declined across Australia, they tend to be higher in regional and remote areas compared to major cities. For example, in 2023, the total fertility rate ranged from a low of 1.31 in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) to a high of 1.57 in Western Australia. The Northern Territory experienced the most significant drop in fertility rate between 2022 and 2023.
The life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is also worth considering in the context of fertility rates. Their life expectancy estimates are calculated using the average number of deaths over a period, adjusted for identification of Indigenous status, and population estimates. Life expectancy is influenced by social, emotional, and cultural well-being, and mortality rates can vary significantly compared to non-Indigenous Australians, particularly in certain age groups.
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Tasmanian birth registrations
Tasmania was the only state to see an increase in fertility rates between 2022 and 2023. Birth registrations in Tasmania for 2022 and 2023 were impacted by a change in the way births were assigned to the reference year.
Tasmania was the first Australian colony to take over the registration of births from churches, beginning in 1838 or 1839. Prior to this, the only records are Church Registers, many of which can be viewed on the Tasmanian Names Index, which covers the years from 1803 through to the early 20th century. The Libraries Tasmania website provides an online search database for birth records, as well as an online index search. The index information can help you apply for a complete birth certificate. The website also provides access to Tasmanian birth records from 1900 to 1912, and records will continue to be added as digitisation progresses.
The Family Search website is another resource for Tasmanian birth records, providing access to records from 1900 to 1912. If you do not wish to search for records on the Libraries Tasmania website, you can complete an application with Births, Deaths and Marriages Tasmania online or by post.
Tasmanian registrations give less information than many other Australian states. They generally include the age at marriage, occupation, and status. From 1902, the parents' age and birthplace are included, and from 1909, the previous issue of the marriage is included. Later in the 1890s, some records show where the person died, and from 1897, the birthplace of the deceased is included. From 1914, the age at marriage and issue of the marriage are included.
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Australian Capital Territory fertility
Australia's fertility rate has been on a general downward trajectory since 1976, with a total fertility rate of 1.50 in 2023, a large decline from 1.63 in 2022. This is the lowest ever recorded, with the previous lowest rate being 1.59 during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The fertility rate in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) in 2023 was 1.31, the lowest of all states and territories, with the highest being 1.57 in Western Australia.
The fertility rate in the ACT has followed the general Australian trend of a decline in fertility among younger women and an increase among older women. This shift towards later childbearing has resulted in a rise in the median age of mothers to 31.9 years. In 2023, the fertility rate was highest for women aged 30-34 across all states and territories, including the ACT. The fertility rates for women aged 15-19 and 20-24 were markedly lower in the ACT than in other states or the Northern Territory.
The total fertility rate in the ACT in 2023 was 1.31, a decrease from 1.58 in 2020. The territory recorded the lowest number of births in 2023, with 363 registered births. The total fertility rate is the average number of babies a woman would have over her lifetime based on current age-specific fertility rates. The rate required for replacement is considered to be around 2.1 babies per woman to replace herself and her partner without overseas migration.
The fertility rate for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women in the ACT was 2.17 births per woman, compared to 1.50 for all Australian women. Just over two-thirds (68.5%) of births to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women were registered to women under 30 years of age, compared to 36.0% for all Australian women in the same age group. The median age of mothers in this group was 26.8 years, five years younger than the median age of all mothers.
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Frequently asked questions
The Northern Territory has the highest fertility rate of 1.86 babies per woman.
Victoria recorded the lowest fertility rate of 1.43 babies per woman.
The fertility rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women is 2.17 births per woman.
The total fertility rate for Australia is 1.50 births per woman.
No, the fertility rate in Australia has been declining and hit a record low in 2023.
