Lyla Lindsey
Filipowa in Batschka was established in 1762 as part of the Great Swabian Migration, which saw German settlers populate the region at the invitation of Charles VI of Austria. In the 20th century, Filipowa was part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary during World War I, with 202 of its men fighting in Serbia, Galicia, Russia, and Italy. Between the wars, from 1918 to 1941, Filipowa was part of Yugoslavia, and many of its men served in the Yugoslavian forces following the Axis invasion in 1941. However, after the war, the region was annexed by Hungary, making the people of Filipowa Hungarian citizens.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Population at the beginning of World War I | 3,800 |
| Population at the beginning of World War II | 4,800 |
| Total population in 1944 | 5,281 |
| Number of men from Filipowa who served in the Hungarian and German armed forces in World War II | 800-1,000 |
| Number of men from Filipowa who died or went missing in action in World War II | 231 |
| Number of men from Filipowa who died or went missing in action in World War I | 202 |
| Total number of men from Filipowa who died or went missing in action in both World Wars | 433 |
| Year Filipowa was established | 1762 |
| Country Filipowa was a part of during World War I | Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary |
| Country Filipowa was a part of between 1918-1941 | Yugoslavia |
| Year Batschka was annexed and occupied by Hungary | 1941 |
| Year Tito Partisans occupied Filipowa | 1944 |
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What You'll Learn
Filipowa was established in 1762
Filipowa, also known as Bački Gračac, is a village located in the Odžaci municipality in the West Bačka District of Serbia. The old Serbian name of the village was Filipovo, with the modified version, Filipowa, first recorded during the reign of Hungarian King Béla III (1173–1196).
Filipowa was primarily a farming community, with a large number of farmers contributing to the hemp industry of Batschka. The hemp, known as "white gold", was processed and exported throughout Europe in the form of ropes, sacks, tarps, bedding, clothing, and fine linens or shirts. The industry was predominantly owned and operated by the Donauschwaben community, with 78 hemp companies based in the town.
The population of Filipowa at the beginning of World War I was 3,800, increasing to 4,800 by the start of World War II. During World War I, the men of Filipowa fought in Serbia, Galicia, Russia, and Italy as part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Between the wars, from 1918 to 1941, Filipowa was a part of the successor state of Yugoslavia, following the dismemberment of Hungary per the Treaty of Trianon.
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Part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary during WWI
Filipowa in Batschka was part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a constitutional monarchy in Central Europe from 1867 to 1918. It was a union between the Austrian and Hungarian states, which were co-equal in power and shared a single monarch. The two countries had unified diplomatic and defence policies, with common ministries of foreign affairs, defence, and finance.
Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I, along with the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 set off a chain of events that led to the global conflict. The assassination intensified the existing religion-based ethnic hostilities in Bosnia, with violent actions against ethnic Serbs organised in Sarajevo and other Austro-Hungarian cities. Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia in July 1914, marking the start of World War I.
During the war, the Austro-Hungarian Empire faced severe casualties and shortages of food and energy supplies. The empire occupied Serbia in 1915 and forced Romania out of the war in 1917. However, the collapse of the Italian front led the Austrians to accept the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918, effectively dissolving the empire.
The men from Filipowa fought in Serbia, Galicia, Russia, and Italy during World War I. Out of a population of 3,800 at the beginning of the war, there were 202 casualties from Filipowa, with a total of 433 men dying or going missing in action. The war had a significant impact on the community in Batschka, with many lives lost and others displaced due to the conflict.
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Became part of Yugoslavia in 1918
Filipowa in the Batschka was part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary during World War I. In 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the dismemberment of Hungary, Filipowa became part of the successor state of Yugoslavia. This change in sovereignty was formalised by the Treaty of Trianon, which assigned some of the most northern territories under Serbian control to Yugoslavia.
The idea of Yugoslavia as a state for all South Slavs emerged in the late 17th century and gained popularity in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1917, Anton Korošec read the May Declaration in Vienna, proposing that the Austro-Hungarian Empire become a triple monarchy consisting of Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. This proposal did not come to fruition, but the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918 allowed South Slav areas to freely join a Yugoslav state.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was officially proclaimed in 1929, and most of the Batschka region became part of the Danubian Banate. During this time, young men from Filipowa served in the Yugoslavian military for nine to eighteen months, typically in Macedonia and Serbia.
In 1941, following the invasion of Yugoslavia by Germany, Italy, and Hungary, the Batschka was annexed and occupied by Hungary, and the people of Filipowa became Hungarian citizens. However, after the Germans retreated across the Danube in 1944, Tito Partisans occupied Filipowa, and many men from the town served in the Hungarian and German armed forces.
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Citizens conscripted into Hungarian forces in 1941
Filipowa in Batschka was part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The men from Filipowa fought in Serbia, Galicia, Russia, and Italy. Between 1918 and 1941, Filipowa was a part of the successor state of Yugoslavia following the dismemberment of Hungary as per the Treaty of Trianon. During World War II, Filipowa was occupied by Hungary after the invasion of Yugoslavia on April 5, 1941, along with sections of Baranja, Bačka, Međimurje, and Prekmurje. The people of Filipowa became Hungarian citizens and were subjected to conscription into the Hungarian forces.
In 1941, citizens of Filipowa were conscripted into the Hungarian forces as a result of Hungary's occupation of the region. The Hungarian policy towards its minorities was implemented in Batschka, leading to conscription for both military and labour forces. Serbs and Jews were conscripted into labour battalions, while others, particularly the Danube Swabians, were recruited into the Hungarian armed forces. This resulted in a disproportionate number of Swabians serving on the front during the invasion of Russia in 1941 compared to the number of Magyars.
The Danube Swabians were a significant ethnic group in the Batschka region, which included Filipowa. They had a notable presence in the Hungarian and German armed forces during World War II. Between 800 and 1,000 men from Filipowa served in the military out of a total population of 5,281 in 1944. Of those serving, 165 were killed in action or died from their wounds, and 67 were missing and presumed dead. Overall, 231 men, nearly a quarter of those who served, perished.
The majority of the defenders of Budapest, who held out for 59 days against the Red Army from December 24, 1944, to February 13, 1945, were Danube Swabians. This delay prevented the Russians from advancing into southern Germany before the Allied Armies arrived. The Swabians' service in the Hungarian forces was not limited to combat roles; they also contributed to the labour battalions that were crucial for the war effort.
In addition to conscription, the Hungarian government's policies during World War II also impacted the citizens of Filipowa. In July 1941, the Hungarian government transferred responsibility for 18,000 Jews to the German armed forces, resulting in one of the first acts of mass killing of Jews during the war. Hungary's alliance with Nazi Germany and its participation in World War II had significant consequences for its citizens, including those from Filipowa who became subject to conscription and were drawn into the war's atrocities.
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German forces abandoned Filipowa in 1944
In the 18th century, the Empress Maria Theresia and Joseph II oversaw the Great Swabian Migration, which saw the establishment of several German settlements in the Batschka region of the Kingdom of Hungary, including Filipowa in 1762. In the 20th century, the two World Wars brought great upheaval to the Danube Swabian community in Filipowa.
During World War I, Filipowa was part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and 202 men from the town fought in Serbia, Galicia, Russia, and Italy. Between the wars, Filipowa became part of the successor state of Yugoslavia. During World War II, the population of Filipowa was 4,800, and between 800 and 1,000 men from the town served in the Hungarian and German armed forces. Of those, 165 died or did not survive captivity, and 67 were missing and presumed dead.
In March 1944, a "Blitz Action" took place in Filipowa, where men who had avoided conscription and young men born in 1926 were recruited. This was followed by another call-up of men born between 1894 and 1908 and boys born in 1927. On October 4, 1944, drums were beaten at the street corners in Filipowa, announcing an evacuation. The evacuation began on October 12 and lasted until the next day, with approximately 600 people out of a community of 5,300 leaving. On October 21, the Tito Partisans occupied Filipowa, and the Germans abandoned the Batschka region, retreating across the Danube.
Between the end of November 1944 and the beginning of March 1945, the remaining inhabitants of Filipowa were placed in internment, extermination, or labour camps. By the end of September 1945, their homes were given to new settlers from Montenegro and Bosnia. In these camps, 833 people from Filipowa died, amounting to one out of every four inhabitants.
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Frequently asked questions
Filipowa in Batschka was a large Danube Swabian community.
Filipowa in Batschka was established in 1762.
The people of Filipowa were Hungarian citizens.
202 men from Filipowa died or went missing during World War I.
231 men from Filipowa died or went missing during World War II.
