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German settlement in Australia began in large numbers in 1838, with the arrival of immigrants from Prussia to Adelaide, in the then colony of South Australia. German immigrants became prominent in settling South Australia and Queensland. German migration to Australia occurred in waves, with the largest influxes occurring in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and again in the early twentieth century. Many Germans settled in Melbourne and then expanded across Victoria and into South Australia, where they established the wine-growing region of the Barossa Valley.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Migration start date | 1836 |
| First large wave of migration | 1838 |
| First German-language newspaper in Australia | 1848 |
| Largest waves of immigration | Mid-to-late 19th century and mid-20th century |
| Largest non-British or Irish group of Europeans in Australia | From 1850 until World War I |
| German-born population in South Australia (1996 census) | 13,489 |
| German-born population in South Australia (2001 census) | 12,660 |
| German-born population in South Australia (2006 census) | 11,970 |
| German-born population in South Australia (2011 census) | 11,409 |
| German-born population in South Australia (2016 census) | 10,118 |
| German-born persons in Australia (1991) | 112,000 |
| German-born persons in Australia (2000) | Fifth most common birthplace for settlers |
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What You'll Learn
German immigration to Australia began in large numbers in 1838
In April 1838, the barque Kinnear arrived in Sydney, carrying six German wine-growing families. These families were the first German vinedressers in Australia, recruited from the Rheingau region of Hesse by Major Edward Macarthur. They worked in the vineyards belonging to John Macarthur's son, William Macarthur, in what is now Camden Park.
In 1837, the Macarthur family had engaged these six German winegrowers to work on their property in Camden. This group and their families settled in Sydney in April 1838. However, they were a minority, as few Germans settled in the colony in the early nineteenth century. It wasn't until 1847 that the Colonial Government widened the scheme to include European workers with special skills, such as vine dressing and carpentry. Significant numbers of Germans then began migrating to NSW, and by 1856, the number of German-born immigrants in the colony had risen to 5,245.
Many Germans settled in Melbourne and then expanded across Victoria and into South Australia, where they remain a significant cultural and linguistic presence in the Barossa Valley. In the 1950s and 1960s, German immigration continued under assisted migration programs promoted by the Australian Government. By July 2000, Germany was the fifth most common birthplace for settlers arriving in Australia.
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German settlers comprised the largest non-British or Irish group of Europeans in Australia
German settlement in Australia began in large numbers in 1838, with the arrival of immigrants from Prussia to Adelaide, in the then colony of South Australia. German immigrants became prominent in settling South Australia and Queensland. From 1850 until World War I, German settlers and their descendants comprised the largest non-British or Irish group of Europeans in Australia.
The first German settlers in Australia were six wine-growing families who arrived in Sydney in April 1838. They were recruited from the Rheingau region of Hesse by Major Edward Macarthur and worked in the vineyards belonging to John Macarthur's son, William Macarthur, in what is now Camden Park. Hundreds of Germans followed in their footsteps, and by 1856, the number of German-born immigrants in the colony of New South Wales had risen to 5,245.
In the mid-1840s, the German community in South Australia had become large enough to warrant its own German-language newspaper. The first German-language newspaper in Australia, Die Deutsche Post, was founded in Adelaide in 1848. The German settlers in South Australia settled in Lobethal, Bethanien (now known as Bethany), and Langmeil, and they remain a significant cultural and linguistic presence in the Barossa Valley.
German immigration to Australia continued in large waves in the middle to late nineteenth century and again before the middle of the twentieth century. Many Germans came to Australia due to religious persecution at home, a thirst for exploration, or a desire for economic improvement. Many of the first Germans in Australia settled in Melbourne and then expanded across Victoria and into South Australia. By 1861, towards the end of the Victorian gold rush, people of German origin comprised 4.32% of the total Australian population, making them the largest non-British immigrant group at the time.
During World War I, there was a significant impact on the German-Australian community. Approximately 4.5% of the German-Australian population were held in internment camps, and many German-owned businesses were forced to close. After the war, 6,150 people, including internees and their family members, were repatriated to Germany. Despite these challenges, German immigration to Australia continued in the 1950s and 1960s under assisted migration programs promoted by the Australian government.
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German Australians were interned during World War I
German settlement in Australia began in large numbers in 1838, with the arrival of immigrants from Prussia to Adelaide. From 1850 until World War I, German settlers and their descendants comprised the largest non-British or Irish group of Europeans in Australia. During World War I, German Australians were interned in Australia.
At the beginning of the war, all German and Central Power ships coming into, or already in, Australian ports were seized as 'war prizes'. Germans crews captured in Australian ports were interned for the duration of the war. At first, they lived in makeshift camps, and were later moved to Berrima Gaol and Holsworthy Camp in New South Wales. The largest internment camp in WWI was the Holsworthy Internment Camp, located west of Sydney. There were also camps in Berrima, Bourke, Enoggera, Langwarrin, Molonglo, Rottnest Island, Torrens Island, and other locations.
The internees came from all walks of life, including German and Austrian business people captured on ships, wealthy high-standing Germans and Austrians living in Australia, doctors, pastors, and sailors from German navy ships or merchant ships who were arrested while in Australian ports. Many were classed as 'enemy aliens', meaning they had ancestral or citizen links to countries at war with Australia. Some people interned themselves voluntarily, perhaps due to the worsening sentiments toward German-Australians that saw many lose their jobs or feel unsafe in the community.
The internment of German Australians during World War I damaged the once proud and highly visible German-Australian community. German immigrants went into assimilationist hiding, and many were deported from Australia after the war.
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German migration to Australia stopped during the world wars
German migration to Australia began in large numbers in 1838, with the arrival of immigrants from Prussia to Adelaide. German immigrants became prominent in settling South Australia and Queensland. From 1850 until World War I, German settlers and their descendants comprised the largest non-British or Irish group of Europeans in Australia.
During World War I, Australians of German ancestry were considered an "enemy within" and a number were interned, deported, or both. The persecution of German Australians also included the closure of German schools, the banning of the German language in government schools, and the renaming of many German place names. To avoid persecution and/or to demonstrate their commitment to their new home, many German Australians changed their names into Anglicised or Francophone variants. The internment camps during World War I were described as concentration camps. Old prison buildings in Berrima and Trial Bay Gaol were initially used as locations for camps in New South Wales. The largest internment camp in WWI was the Holsworthy Internment Camp, located west of Sydney. There were also camps in Berrima, Bourke, Enoggera, Queensland, Langwarrin, Victoria, and several other locations. According to a statement by the Australian War Memorial organisation, there were a total of 7,000 people interned over the course of World War I, including roughly 4,500 Germans and British people of German background who had already been living in Australia for a long time. This meant approximately 4.5% of the German-Australian population were held in internment camps.
During World War II, many Australians of German origin were once again interned. More than 20% of Italians in Australia were held in internment camps, along with a total of 7,000 people with connections to the enemy, 1,500 of whom were British nationals. 8,000 people from overseas were detained in Australian camps and in 1942, the camps were at their largest, with a total of 12,000 internees in the country.
After World War II, Australia received a large influx of ethnic German displaced persons, who were a significant proportion of Australia's post-war immigrants. In the 1950s and 1960s, German immigration continued under assisted migration programs promoted by the Australian Government. By July 2000, Germany was the fifth most common birthplace for settler arrivals in Australia.
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German settlement in South Australia
German settlement in Australia began in large numbers in 1838, with the arrival of immigrants from Prussia to Adelaide, in the then colony of South Australia. German immigrants became prominent in settling South Australia and Queensland. From 1850 until World War I, German settlers and their descendants comprised the largest non-British or Irish group of Europeans in Australia.
In 1839, immigrants from Kay in the Prussian province of Brandenburg arrived on the Danish ship Zebra (the first foreign ship to arrive at Adelaide). They founded a settlement at Mount Barker in the Adelaide Hills and named it Hahndorf after the ship's Captain Hahn, who had helped them acquire the land. In the same year, Pastor Kavel's group arrived in Adelaide and rented 150 acres from George Angas about 10 km from Adelaide on the River Torrens. They named the settlement Klemzig, after one of the villages in their home area of Prussia. By the mid-1840s, the German community in South Australia had become large enough to warrant its own German-language newspaper. The first German-language newspaper in Australia, Die Deutsche Post, was founded in Adelaide in 1848.
On 28 October 1841, 213 emigrants from Prussia arrived at Port Misery in South Australia, accompanied by Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche. The migrants settled at Lobethal and Bethanien. In 1842, Langmeil was settled by a group that had split from Pastor Fritzsche's congregation due to a disagreement about religious doctrine. In 1850, the barque San Francisco landed a number of emigrants in South Australia after leaving Hamburg. Like previous German emigrants, the passengers then dispersed throughout the colony.
The Murray Flats area attracted Germans from the Barossa Valley, and some Germans tried wheat farming in the Mid-North and Upper North of South Australia. The larger land selections of these years separated Germans from the close-knit communal life that had been possible in areas like Hahndorf and the Barossa Valley in earlier years. In each German settlement where numbers were large enough, there was a German school, most of them connected with or owned by the Lutheran Church.
German immigration continued under assisted migration programs promoted by the Australian Government in the 1950s and 1960s. By July 2000, Germany was the fifth most common birthplace for settlers arriving in Australia.
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Frequently asked questions
German settlement in Australia began in large numbers in 1838, with the arrival of immigrants from Prussia to Adelaide.
German immigrants settled in Melbourne and then expanded across Victoria and into South Australia, with many settling in the Barossa Valley.
Many Germans came to Australia because of religious persecution at home, a thirst for exploration, or a desire for economic improvement.
The 1996 census recorded 13,489 German-born people living in South Australia, and by July 2000, Germany was the fifth most common birthplace for settler arrivals in Australia.
Yes, after World War II, a new wave of German migrants arrived in Australia, with numbers gradually dropping as Germany developed economically.
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