Damon Mcknight
The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe that existed between 1867 and 1918. It was formed through a constitutional agreement known as the Compromise (German: Ausgleich; Hungarian: Kiegyezés) and consisted of two sovereign states, the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, with a single monarch, who was titled both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. The Dual Monarchy was a military and diplomatic alliance, with common ministries for foreign affairs, war, and finance, while each state maintained its own government, headed by its own prime minister.
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What You'll Learn
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
The compromise restored territorial integrity to Hungary and granted it full internal independence, with its own constitution, government, and parliament. However, in matters of foreign affairs and defence, Hungary was still part of the monarchy, and its interests had to be coordinated with those of Austria. Common ministries for foreign affairs, defence, and finance were established under the monarch's direct authority, with each ministry headed by a joint minister. The respective quotas to be paid by each half of the monarchy for these services were reconsidered every 10 years, along with commercial and customs agreements.
The compromise resulted in two capitals for the dual monarchy: Vienna and Budapest. The citizens of each half were treated as foreigners in the other half, and there were differences in the approaches taken by the two governments on domestic policy issues. The Austrian half, or Cisleithania, consisted of seventeen historical crown lands and was a multinational state, while the Hungarian half, or Transleithania, was dominated by the Magyars, although it was also a multi-ethnic structure with several minority ethnic groups. The compromise also led to the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement in 1868, which granted Croatia and Slavonia full internal autonomy under the Hungarian crown.
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The union of Cisleithania and Transleithania
The name Cisleithania is derived from the Latin name for the Leitha River, a tributary of the Danube that formed the historical boundary between the Archduchy of Austria and the Hungarian Kingdom. The term Cisleithania refers to the Austrian side of the Leitha River, meaning "on this side of the Leitha". It consisted of 15 crown lands, including the northern and western parts of the former Austrian Empire, with representatives in the Imperial Council (Reichsrat) in Vienna.
Transleithania, on the other hand, refers to the Hungarian side of the Leitha River, with the prefix "Trans" denoting "beyond". It consisted of the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Croatia, the Kingdom of Slavonia, and the Principality of Transylvania, which were no longer considered "Austrian" crown lands but constituted an autonomous state officially called the "Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen".
The Compromise of 1867, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Compromise or the Ausgleich, established the dual monarchy by granting Hungary internal independence while maintaining common ministries for foreign affairs, defence, and finance under the direct authority of the monarch. The Reichsrat in Vienna served as the parliament for Cisleithania, while a separate parliament was established in Budapest for Transleithania.
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The monarchy's three governments
The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a constitutional, multinational monarchy in Central Europe that existed between 1867 and 1918. It was formed through a constitutional agreement known as the Compromise or the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. This agreement established a dual monarchy consisting of two sovereign states: the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, with a single monarch who was titled both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.
The separate governments of Austria and Hungary had their own prime ministers and parliaments. The Austrian Reichsrat and the Hungarian parliament met alternately in Vienna and Budapest to handle certain common problems. While the joint institutions were important, the decisions of the separate Austrian and Hungarian governments often carried more weight for the majority of the population.
The major unifying figure in this arrangement was Franz Joseph, who was emperor in Austria and king in Hungary. While he had different powers in each half of the monarchy, his influence on military affairs and foreign policy was strong. Franz Joseph's role included stipulations for adequate rights for the non-Magyars of Hungary, and he approved and promulgated the new laws that officially established the Dual Monarchy.
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The Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868
The settlement left Croatia, including Slavonia, as part of the Hungarian crown, under a ban appointed on the proposal of the Hungarian prime minister. Croatia enjoyed full internal autonomy, but certain matters were designated as common to Croatia and Hungary. When these were under discussion, Croatian deputies attended the central Parliament, where they could speak in Croatian, the sole language of internal official usage in Croatia.
The Nationalities Law (1868) guaranteed that all citizens of Hungary, whatever their nationality, constituted politically "a single nation, the indivisible, unitary Hungarian nation," and there could be no differentiation between them except in respect of the official usage of the current languages.
The settlement had practical territorial consequences, such as the creation of the city and port of Rijeka as Corpus separatum attached to the Kingdom of Hungary, and the incorporation of the Croatian Military Frontier and the Slavonian Military Frontier in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in 1881. The manner by which Article 66, which specified the lands of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, was handled left the issue of the port of Rijeka (Fiume) unresolved.
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The end of the monarchy after World War I
The Austro-Hungarian Empire, also known as the Dual Monarchy, was a multinational constitutional monarchy in Central Europe from 1867 to 1918. It was a military and diplomatic alliance consisting of two sovereign states, the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, with a single monarch. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was one of the major powers in Europe, and it was the second-largest country in Europe geographically and the third most populous.
The end of the monarchy came about as a result of World War I, which saw the Austro-Hungarian army lose morale as the empire's economy collapsed. The multi-ethnic army was treated with contempt by the military, and civil rights were routinely suspended. The Austro-Hungarian army was left without food and munition supplies, and it faced a lack of political support. This led to uprisings within the army, as well as strikes organised by leftist and pacifist political movements. The monarchy collapsed in the autumn of 1918, and on 17 October 1918, the Hungarian Parliament voted to terminate the union with Austria, which formed the basis for the dual monarchy.
The pro-Entente pacifist Count Mihály Károlyi seized power in the Aster Revolution on 31 October 1918, and Karl I was forced to appoint him as his Hungarian prime minister. Károlyi's first acts included repudiating the compromise agreement, thus officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and state. Károlyi's new government recalled all troops conscripted from the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, which significantly weakened the Habsburg armies. Karl I's authority was challenged even in the remaining provinces, and his refusal to abdicate became irrelevant as the German-Austrian National Council proclaimed the Republic of German Austria. Károlyi followed suit, proclaiming the Hungarian Democratic Republic. Karl I's attempts to reclaim his throne in Budapest were denied, and he was exiled.
The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a significant political event, catalysed by World War I, crop failure, starvation, and an economic crisis. The empire had been weakened over time by a growing gap between Hungarian and Austrian interests, and the additional stressors of the war led to its collapse. The peace pronouncements from January 1918 encouraged socialism and nationalism, further contributing to the end of the monarchy. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Treaty of Trianon regulated the new borders of Austria and Hungary, reducing their size and economic growth.
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Frequently asked questions
The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was a military and diplomatic alliance of two sovereign states with a single monarch, who was titled both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, also known as the Ausgleich (German) or Kiegyezés (Hungarian), established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. It restored the territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary and gave it more real internal independence than it had enjoyed since 1526. The Compromise put an end to the 18-year-long military dictatorship and absolutist rule over Hungary that Emperor Franz Joseph had instituted after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
The Dual Monarchy had common ministries for foreign affairs, war, and finance. The ministries of foreign affairs and defence were under the monarch's direct authority, as was a third finance ministry responsible for financing these two portfolios.
