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Australia is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world, with an average population density of 3.6 persons per square kilometre of land area. As of 2020, 29.8% of Australia's population was born overseas, and as of 2016, 76% had European ancestry. The percentage of Australians with European backgrounds has been declining since the 1960s and 1970s. In 2021, the gender ratio in Australia was 98 males to 100 females, with Darwin being the only capital with more males than females.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Gender Ratio (2021) | 98 males to 100 females |
| Population Density (2022) | 3.4/km2 |
| Population Density (2025) | 4 people per Km2 |
| Life Expectancy (2015-2017) | 83.2 years |
| Percentage of Population born overseas (2020) | 29.8% |
| Percentage of Population with European ancestry (2016) | 76% |
| Percentage of Population with Chinese ancestry (2021) | 2.7% |
| Percentage of Population with Arabic ancestry (2021) | 1.4% |
| Capital with the highest sex ratio (2023) | Darwin (104.7) |
| Capital with the lowest sex ratio (2023) | Hobart (95.6) |
| Capital with the highest male population (2023) | Darwin (Duntroon - 227.0) |
| Capital with the highest female population (2023) | Adelaide (Glenlee-Rockyview - 144.1) |
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What You'll Learn
In 2021, Australia's gender ratio was 98 males to 100 females
Several factors can influence the gender ratio of a country. For instance, biological factors result in more male births than female births in every country. Migration is another factor that can impact the gender distribution of a country, especially when there is a significant influx of male-dominated labour. Additionally, life expectancy and death rates differ between men and women, with women typically having a higher life expectancy.
The gender ratio varies across different areas within Australia. For example, in 2023, Darwin had the highest sex ratio among capital cities, with 104.7 males per 100 females, while Hobart had the lowest at 95.6. Other areas with lower sex ratios include Woollahra in Sydney's east, with 80.9 males per 100 females, and Castle Hill - East, with 82.7. These lower sex ratios are generally associated with older age profiles and the longer life expectancy of females.
Australia's population has grown significantly over time due to numerous waves of immigration. As of 2020, 29.8% of Australia's population was born overseas, and the country remains one of the most urbanised in the world, with 89% of its population living in urban areas. Despite this, Australia has a low population density, with an estimated 3.4 to 4 people per square kilometre as of 2022 and 2025, respectively, making it one of the least densely populated countries.
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Darwin is the only Australian capital with more males than females
Australia's population has grown from an estimated 300,000 to 2,400,000 Indigenous Australians in 1788 to 25.7 million in 2021. This growth is due to numerous waves of immigration, with 29.8% of the population being born overseas as of 2020. The country has an average population density of 3.4 to 3.6 people per square kilometre, making it one of the most sparsely populated countries globally. This low density is attributed to the semi-arid and desert geography of the interior and the high urbanisation rate, with 89% of the population living in urban areas.
In 2023, the median age for capital cities was 37.0 years, younger than the rest of Australia at 41.9 years. Darwin was the youngest capital, with a median age of 34.6 years, while Adelaide was the oldest at 39.2 years. Notably, Darwin was the only capital with more males than females, with a sex ratio of 104.7 males per 100 females. This contrasts with Hobart, which had the lowest sex ratio among capital cities at 95.6.
The median age and sex ratio disparities between Darwin and other Australian capitals and regions may be influenced by various factors. One factor could be the presence of large student or military populations, as seen in areas like Acton and Duntroon in the Australian Capital Territory. Additionally, the movement of young adults to capital cities for education and work opportunities, as observed in Sydney, Perth, and Adelaide, can impact the demographic makeup of these regions.
The Northern Territory, where Darwin is located, has the lowest life expectancy in the country for both males (76.4 years) and females (80.4 years). This contrasts with the high life expectancy for Australia as a whole, which was among the highest in the world at 83.2 years during 2015-2017. Despite being the youngest capital, Darwin's median age is older than the rest of the Northern Territory, which stands at 32.3 years.
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Male life expectancy is lower than female life expectancy
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, as of June 2023, the median age in Australia is 41.9 years. The sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females. Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory, has the highest sex ratio, with 104.7 males per 100 females, while Hobart, the capital of Tasmania, has the lowest, with 95.6 males per 100 females.
Several factors contribute to the gender gap in life expectancy. Firstly, newborn boys have a higher probability of death than newborn girls. Boys are more likely to be born prematurely and have higher death rates in the first week of life. This gap continues throughout infancy, with infant boys being more vulnerable to infectious diseases and more susceptible to some genetic disorders due to having only one X chromosome.
As people age, death rates increase due to various diseases, including respiratory and cardiovascular issues, infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. Men tend to have higher prevalence rates and death rates from many chronic conditions, which further contributes to the gap in life expectancy. Gender differences in health behaviours, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use, also play a role in the gap. Additionally, men are more likely to work in dangerous occupations, including military combat, firefighting, and construction, which increases their risk of injury or death.
Furthermore, men tend to avoid medical care and are less likely to report symptoms of physical or mental health issues, which can lead to poorer health outcomes. The Y chromosome in males is also more susceptible to mutations, and the lack of a second X chromosome means that X-linked abnormalities are not masked by a normal version. These biological differences can contribute to the lower life expectancy observed in males.
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More men are born than women in every country
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, as of 2023, Darwin was the only Australian capital with more males than females, with a sex ratio of 104.7 males per 100 females. The sex ratio in other capital cities ranged from 80.9 in Woollahra, Sydney, to 95.6 in Hobart. However, it is worth noting that these statistics may not include the Aboriginal population before 1961.
While the sex ratio varies across different regions of Australia, it is important to understand the broader context of sex ratios worldwide. According to scientific studies, the human sex ratio at birth is estimated to be approximately 1.05 males per female, which equates to around 105 males for every 100 females. This ratio is considered the "expected sex ratio at birth" by the World Health Organization (WHO) and falls within the range of 103 to 107 males per 100 females observed in most countries. This variation can be influenced by various factors, including natural causes, environmental factors, cultural preferences, and social pressures.
Several factors can influence the sex ratio, resulting in variations among different regions and countries. For instance, countries with significant imbalances often share specific characteristics. Firstly, they tend to experience a rapid decline in fertility, either due to a preference for smaller families or compliance with national population control measures. Secondly, there is often social pressure on women to give birth to sons, driven by a cultural preference for male heirs. Thirdly, widespread access to technology enables families to selectively abort female foetuses. These factors contribute to a gender imbalance, which can have societal implications, particularly regarding the threat of social unrest among young, low-status males who struggle to find spouses.
In addition to social and cultural factors, environmental factors also play a role in influencing sex ratios. Scientific studies have explored the relationship between temperature and sex ratios, finding that higher temperatures increase the proportion of male births. For example, a 1°C increase in annual temperature corresponds to one more male birth per 1,000 female births. Conversely, cold weather stressors can lead to a higher proportion of female births, as women in colder climates are more likely to abort frail male foetuses.
While Australia does not exhibit the same extreme sex ratio imbalances seen in some other countries, understanding the broader context of sex ratios provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of biological, social, and environmental factors that shape the distribution of males and females within a population.
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Australia is one of the most urbanised countries in the world
The urbanisation in Australia has resulted in a unique population distribution, with most people living close to the coastlines. Specifically, over 80% of the population is concentrated in a narrow corridor along the east, southeast, and southwestern coastal regions, covering just about 5% of the total land area. This uneven distribution contributes to Australia's overall low population density, which is approximately 2.3 to 3.6 persons per square kilometre. Despite being one of the largest countries globally, Australia's population density is among the lowest, making it one of the most sparsely populated nations.
The high urbanisation rate in Australia has had significant environmental and social impacts. With so many people living in close proximity, there are concerns about the long-term sustainability and quality of life in Australian towns and cities. To address these challenges, the Australian government has implemented various initiatives. For example, the National Housing Strategy was introduced in 1992 to expand the supply of affordable and appropriate housing. Additionally, the Australian Urban and Regional Development Review, conducted from 1993 to 1996, explored environmentally sustainable approaches to human settlements, considering the interplay between energy use, urban form, transport, and housing design.
While Australia's urban centres are thriving, there are notable differences in the sex ratios across various regions. As of 2023, Darwin stood out as the only capital city with more males than females, with a sex ratio of 104.7 males per 100 females. On the other hand, Hobart had the lowest sex ratio among capital cities, with only 95.6 males per 100 females. These variations in sex ratios can be influenced by factors such as the presence of large student or military populations, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, or retirement destinations, which can skew the ratio towards one gender.
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Frequently asked questions
As of 2021, Australia's gender ratio is 98 males to 100 females, meaning that approximately 49% of Australia's population is male.
The gender ratio varies across Australia. For example, in 2023, Darwin had the highest ratio of males to females among all capital cities (104.7 males per 100 females), while Hobart had the lowest (95.6 males per 100 females).
Australia's gender ratio is relatively balanced compared to other countries. For context, in 2021, the global average was 101 males for every 100 females. Countries like Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia have significantly higher gender ratios than Australia.
