Omari Gates
Austria has a rich and complex history, with many different groups populating the region over time. Around 1 BC, Austria was in the late Iron Age and was occupied by the Hallstatt Celtic culture, which had been established around 800 BC. This kingdom, known as Noricum to the Romans, flourished until around 400 BC. The lands then became part of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, before being occupied by the Bavarii, a Germanic people, in the 6th century.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Time Period | Around 1 BC |
| Location | Austria |
| Previous Occupants | Hallstatt Celtic culture (c. 800 BC) |
| Previous Occupants | Noricum (Celtic kingdom) |
| Previous Occupants | Bavarii (a Germanic people) |
| Previous Occupants | Roman Empire |
| Language | Native German speakers (88.6%) |
| Language | Austro-Bavarian language (96%) |
| Language | Alemannic language (4%) |
| Language | Several minority languages (11.4%) |
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Hallstatt Celtic culture
The Hallstatt culture, also known as the Hallstatt Celtic culture, was an archaeological culture that existed during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Central and Western Europe. It is commonly associated with Proto-Celtic-speaking populations and is named after a lakeside village in the Austrian Salzkammergut, southeast of Salzburg, where a rich salt mine and over 1,300 burials were discovered. The Hallstatt period is divided into four phases: Hallstatt A and B, which are considered Late Bronze Age, and Hallstatt C and D, which refer to the Iron Age.
The Hallstatt culture succeeded the Urnfield culture, which began in the 12th century BC, and was influenced by Mediterranean civilisations and Steppe peoples. It is characterised by the appearance of fortifications protecting commercial centres of mining, processing, and trading of copper and tin. The flourishing culture is evident in the grave artefacts discovered at sites like Pitten and Nußdorf ob der Traisen in Lower Austria.
The Hallstatt culture is divided into two distinct zones: an eastern zone and a western zone. Differences can be observed in burial rites, types of grave goods, and artistic styles. In the western zone, members of the elite were buried with swords or daggers, while in the eastern zone, burials included axes, helmets, and plate armour breastplates. Artistic subjects with narrative components were unique to the east and were found in both pottery and metalwork. Settlements and cemeteries in the east also tended to be larger than in the west.
The Hallstatt culture is considered the first "cities" north of the Alps, with central sites described as urban or proto-urban. Important sites include the Heuneburg on the upper Danube, Mont Lassois in eastern France, Glauberg, Hohenasperg, and Ipf in Germany, Burgstallkogel in Austria, and Molpír in Slovakia. However, most settlements during this period were much smaller villages.
The end of the Hallstatt period saw the abandonment of many major centres, and a return to a more decentralised settlement pattern. The Hallstatt culture was followed by the La Tène culture, which spread throughout Gaul.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire, centred on the city of Rome, was established in 27 BC following the end of the Roman Republic. It ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.
The Roman Republic had existed since the 6th century BC, and Rome began expanding shortly after its founding, though it did not expand outside the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC. By 100 BC, the city of Rome had expanded its rule from the Italian peninsula to most of the Mediterranean and beyond. The 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval, which ultimately led to rule by emperors.
The Republic was a network of self-ruled towns (with varying degrees of independence from the Senate) and provinces administered by military commanders. It was governed by annually elected magistrates (Roman consuls) in conjunction with the Senate. The consuls' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium, meaning "command". Occasionally, successful consuls or generals were given the honorary title imperator (commander), which is the origin of the word emperor.
In 44 BC, Julius Caesar took full power over Rome as its dictator. After his assassination, the triumvirate of Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian (Caesar's nephew) ruled. Octavian's forces defeated those of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. In 27 BC, the Senate gave him the title Augustus ("venerated") and made him princeps ("foremost") with proconsular imperium, thus beginning the Principate, the first epoch of Roman imperial history.
Augustus's reign, from 27 BC to 14 AD, was distinguished by stability and peace. During his 40-year rule, a new constitutional order emerged so that, upon his death, Tiberius would succeed him as the new de facto monarch. The 200 years that began with Augustus's rule is traditionally regarded as the Pax Romana ("Roman Peace"). The cohesion of the empire was furthered by a degree of social stability and economic prosperity that Rome had never before experienced.
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Bavarii
The Bavarii, also known as the Baiuvarii, were a Germanic tribe that occupied the lands south of the Danube in Austria from the 6th century CE. The name "Bavarii" is likely derived from "men from Bohemia", and the placename Bohemia is connected to the Boii, a Celtic people who inhabited the region before the Roman era. The Bavarii are believed to be the tribe that gave the territory of Bavaria its name, settling in the south between 488 and 520 CE.
The Bavarii are distinguished by the presence of individuals with artificially deformed skulls in their cemeteries. Archeological and genetic evidence suggests that these individuals, predominantly female, were migrants from eastern cultures who married into Bavarii society. The foreign women with deformed skulls had ancestry from southeastern Europe and East Asia, indicating that exogamy was an important practice within Bavarii culture.
The physical characteristics of the Bavarii varied between the sexes. While 80% of male Bavarii had blond hair and blue eyes, female Bavarii exhibited much higher rates of brown eyes and darker hair. The local women with East Asian and Southern European ancestry generally had brown eyes, and 60% had dark hair.
The language of the Bavarii, known as Bavarian, is a West Germanic language closely related to Standard German. It is still spoken today not only by modern Bavarians but also by Austrians and South Tyroleans. The culture, language, and political institutions of the Bavarii served as the foundation for the medieval Duchy of Bavaria and the Margraviate of Austria.
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Frankish Empire
The Frankish Empire, also known as the Carolingian Empire or the Frankish-Roman Empire, was one of the largest empires in history. It was founded by Clovis I in 481 and reached its territorial peak in 814 under Charlemagne, who also received the Roman imperial crown in 800. The empire was the result of the expansion of the Frankish kingdom by various leaders, including Clovis I, who conquered Soissons in 486 and Aquitaine in 507, and Charles Martel, who founded several bishoprics to Christianize the Saxons.
The Frankish Empire included vast territories in Europe, stretching from Brittany to Poland. It was comprised of several smaller kingdoms ruled by different members of the ruling dynasties, including Austrasia, Neustria, Lotharingia, Burgundy, and Lombardy. These kingdoms were often in conflict with one another, and the empire as a whole was diverse in terms of religion, ethnicity, and language.
During the Migration Period in the 6th century, the Bavarii, a Germanic people, occupied the lands that became part of the Frankish Empire in the 9th century. The Frankish Empire was preceded by the Merovingian dynasty, founded by Clovis I, and the Carolingian dynasty, which included Charlemagne, who further expanded the empire.
If the Frankish Empire were to reunite in the 21st century, it would have a population of approximately 267 million people, with Germany being the most populous country within it. The linguistic groups within the empire would be diverse, with German, French, Italian, Dutch, and Czech being the most commonly spoken languages. The religious groups would also vary, with Christianity as the most followed faith, accounting for 76% of the population, followed by Islam at 8%, and atheists and other irreligious groups at 16%.
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Duchy of Bavaria
Around 1 BC, the lands south of the Danube became part of the Roman Empire. In the Migration Period of the 6th century, the Bavarii, a Germanic people, occupied these lands until they fell to the Frankish Empire in the 9th century.
The Duchy of Bavaria was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the 6th to the 8th centuries. It was settled by Bavarian tribes and ruled by dukes under Frankish overlordship. The origins of the older Bavarian duchy can be traced to 551/555. The first documented duke was Garibald I, a member of the Frankish Agilolfings, who ruled from 555 onwards as a largely independent Merovingian vassal. Bavaria was established as a duchy by the Franks in approximately 555. The Bavarians then colonized the area from the March of the Nordgau along the Naab River (later called the Upper Palatinate) up to the Enns in the east and southward across the Brenner Pass to the Upper Adige in present-day South Tyrol.
With the rise of the Frankish Empire under the Carolingian dynasty, the autonomy of the Bavarian dukes was reduced and eventually terminated. In 716, the Carolingians incorporated the Franconian lands in the north, formerly held by the Dukes of Thuringia. In the west, the Carolingian mayor of the palace, Carloman, suppressed the last Alamannic revolt at the 746 Blood Court at Cannstatt. The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards. From that point on, Bavaria was administered by Frankish prefects, the first of whom was Gerold, who governed from 788 to 799.
A new duchy was created from this area during the decline of the Carolingian Empire in the late 9th century. It became one of the stem duchies of the East Frankish realm, which evolved into the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. During internal struggles in the Ottonian dynasty, the Bavarian territory was significantly diminished by the separation of the newly established Duchy of Carinthia in 976. This entailed the loss of large East Alpine territories covering the present-day Austrian states of Carinthia and Styria, as well as the adjacent Carniolan region in modern-day Slovenia.
During the reign of Louis the Child, Luitpold, Count of Scheyern, who possessed large Bavarian domains, ruled the Mark of Carinthia, created on the southeastern frontier for the defence of Bavaria. He died in the great battle of 907, but his son Arnulf, whose last name was the Bad, rallied the remnants of the tribe in alliance with the Hungarians and became duke of the Bavarians in 911, uniting Bavaria and Carinthia under his rule. The German king Conrad I attacked Arnulf unsuccessfully when the latter refused to acknowledge his royal supremacy. The discontinuation of the central authority led to a new strengthening of the German stem duchies.
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Frequently asked questions
Noricum was the name of the Celtic kingdom that included most of modern Austria and parts of modern-day Slovenia.
The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was conquered by the Roman Empire in 16 BC or 15 BC and became a Roman province called Noricum.
The territory of present-day Austria was part of the Roman province of Noricum, which was annexed by the Roman Empire around 15 BC.
The regions of today's Austria that were not located within Noricum were divided between the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Raetia.
The city of Hallstatt has the oldest archaeological evidence of the Celts in Europe, dating from 1200 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.
