Lyla Lindsey
The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1919, was the primary treaty that ended World War I. It imposed punitive provisions on defeated Germany, including territorial, military, and economic restrictions. The treaty also had significant implications for Austria and Hungary, which constituted the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary during the war. The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed due to various factors, including internal contradictions, World War I, crop failure, starvation, and economic crisis. As a result, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye established the Republic of Austria, consisting of predominantly German-speaking regions, while the Treaty of Trianon determined the new borders of Hungary, leading to significant territorial losses for both countries. These treaties had immense political and economic consequences, altering the face of Europe.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Date of Treaty of Versailles | 28 June 1919 |
| Date of Treaty of Trianon | 4 June 1920 |
| Date of Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye | 10 September 1919 |
| Resulting political entities | German Austria, Hungarian (People's) Republic, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania |
| Resulting economic effects | Economic growth stalled due to new borders becoming major economic barriers |
| Resulting military effects | Austro-Hungarian navy, air force and army disbanded |
| Resulting social effects | Many Hungarians and Germans living outside new states of Hungary and Austria |
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What You'll Learn
The Austro-Hungarian Empire's collapse
The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was catalysed by the additional stressors of World War I, which acted upon an already weakened foundation. The 1917 October Revolution and the Wilsonian peace pronouncements from January 1918 encouraged socialism and nationalism among the peoples of the Habsburg monarchy. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed rapidly in the autumn of 1918. The multi-ethnic army lost its morale as the Imperial economy collapsed into hardship and starvation. Civil rights were suspended and different national groups were treated with contempt. The Austro-Hungarian Army fought in the last Italian offensive without any food or munition supply and without any political support for a de facto non-existent empire.
The armistice between the Allies and Austria-Hungary was signed on 3 November 1918, to become effective on 4 November. Under its provisions, Austria-Hungary’s forces were required to evacuate all territory occupied since August 1914, as well as South Tirol, Tarvisio, the Isonzo Valley, Gorizia, Trieste, Istria, western Carniola, and Dalmatia. All German forces were to be expelled from Austria-Hungary within 15 days, and the Allies were to have free use of Austria-Hungary’s internal communications and to take possession of most of its warships.
The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was followed by the establishment of the Republic of Austria, consisting of most of the truncated German-speaking regions of the former Habsburg state. The Austrian Empire ceded crown lands to newly established successor states like Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. It also relinquished the South Tyrol, Trieste, Trentino, and Istria to Italy, and Bukovina to Romania. The other portion of the Dual Monarchy, Hungary, also became an independent state.
The Treaty of Trianon, signed on 4 June 1920, formally terminated the state of war issued from World War I between most of the Allies of World War I and the Kingdom of Hungary. The treaty recognised Hungary's new international borders and it ceded Transylvania to Romania, Slovakia and Transcarpathian Rus to Czechoslovakia, and other Hungarian crown lands to the future Yugoslavia. The new borders of Austria and Hungary reduced them to small, landlocked states, and the economic barriers that they created stalled the previous rapid economic growth of the imperial territories.
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The Republic of Austria's formation
The dissolution of Austria-Hungary was a significant political event catalysed by the growth of internal social contradictions and the divergence of interests between Hungarians and Austrians. The Austro-Hungarian Empire's collapse was hastened by World War I, the 1918 crop failure, starvation, and economic turmoil. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed on September 10, 1919, formally established the Republic of Austria, marking the end of World War I and the dissolution of the Habsburg rump state of the Republic of German-Austria.
The Republic of Austria, officially known as the First Austrian Republic, emerged as a small, landlocked country in Central Europe, encompassing the truncated German-speaking regions of the former Habsburg state. The new republic consisted of the Alpine and Danubian crownlands of the Austrian Empire, with its borders significantly reduced by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. This treaty ceded several German-populated areas, such as Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia and South Tyrol to Italy, while a portion of the Alpine provinces was transferred to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (also known as Yugoslavia).
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye played a pivotal role in shaping the new order of Central Europe. It prohibited the union of Austria and Germany, a decision that angered the German population in Austria, who perceived it as a violation of their right to "self-determination." Despite protests, Austria was compelled to rename itself the "Republic of Austria," marking the birth of the First Austrian Republic. This republic navigated challenging political terrain, characterised by violent clashes between left-wing and right-wing factions, culminating in the July Revolt of 1927 and the Austrian Civil War of 1934.
The First Austrian Republic lasted from 1918 to 1938 and witnessed significant reforms, particularly in Vienna, that laid the groundwork for the social-welfare states of post-World War I Europe. However, the republic gradually succumbed to the rise of Austrofascism, transforming into a dictatorship under Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss between 1933 and 1934. The assassination of Dollfuss by Nazi party agents in 1934 further destabilised the country, ultimately leading to its annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938.
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The Kingdom of Hungary's formation
The Kingdom of Hungary was formed in the year 1000 with the coronation of St Stephen I at Esztergom. Stephen I, originally called Vajk until he was baptised, was the son of principal Géza. The Kingdom of Hungary became a Christian state around the 11th century, and Catholicism became the state religion. Stephen I was canonised as a Catholic saint in 1083 and as an Eastern Orthodox saint in 2000.
The first kings of the Kingdom of Hungary were from the Árpád dynasty. The Hungarians, led by Árpád, settled the Carpathian Basin in 895 and established the Principality of Hungary (896–1000). The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary. The Hungarian name for the kingdom was 'Magyar Királyság', and its people were known as 'Magyarország', which is still the colloquial name for Hungary.
The Kingdom of Hungary was a multiethnic state from its inception until the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, which established Hungary's current borders. The treaty reduced Hungary's territory by 72%, its population by 58%, and its ethnic Hungarians by 32%. The Kingdom of Hungary covered what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania and other parts of Romania, Carpathian Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), Burgenland (now part of Austria), Međimurje (now part of Croatia), Prekmurje (now part of Slovenia), and a few villages in Poland.
The Kingdom of Hungary became a dual monarchy in 1867, known as Austria-Hungary. From 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king, Charles IV, in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic. The kingdom was nominally restored during the "Regency" of 1920–46, ending under the Soviet occupation in 1946.
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The Treaty of Trianon
The treaty is famous for the territorial changes it imposed on Hungary and for recognizing its new international borders. Hungary lost at least two-thirds of its former territory and two-thirds of its population. The new borders became major economic barriers, stalling the previously rapid economic growth of the imperial territories. The territories claimed by Hungary were given to Czechoslovakia, Austria, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia), Romania, and Italy. The Entente powers ruled in favour of these newly emancipated independent nation-states, enabling them to claim vast territories containing sizeable Hungarian-speaking populations.
The treaty also laid down rules for the restoration of economic relations between Hungary and foreign countries, including Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The peace treaty ended the Allied blockade of Hungary and ordered the resumption of regional trade and the supply of coal to Hungary from Czechoslovakia and Poland. The treaty restricted Hungary's armed forces to 35,000 men, lightly armed and employed only to maintain internal order and to secure the frontiers.
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The partitioning of territories
The dissolution of Austria-Hungary, a pivotal political event, resulted from the internal social contradictions and the divergence of Austrian and Hungarian interests. The Austro-Hungarian Empire's collapse was catalysed by World War I, crop failure, starvation, and economic crisis. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed on 10 September 1919, established the Republic of Austria, consisting of predominantly German-speaking regions of the former Habsburg state. Austria ceded crown lands to newly formed successor states like Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs (later Yugoslavia). It also relinquished territories to Italy and Romania.
The Treaty of Trianon, signed on 4 June 1920, formally ended the state of war between Hungary and the Allies. Hungary ceded territories to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the future Yugoslavia, recognising the rights of national minorities within its borders. The treaties significantly reduced Austria and Hungary's size, impacting their economies and triggering bitterness among Hungarians who lost pre-war territories.
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Frequently asked questions
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had led to World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I. The remaining territories inhabited by divided peoples fell into the composition of existing or newly formed states. The dissolution of Austria-Hungary was a major political event that occurred as a result of the growth of internal social contradictions and the separation of different parts of Austria-Hungary. The more immediate reasons for the collapse of the state were World War I, the 1918 crop failure, starvation and the economic crisis.
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of September 10, 1919, established the Republic of Austria. This republic consisted of most of the truncated German-speaking regions of the Habsburg state. The Austrian Empire ceded crown lands to newly established successor states like Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. It also relinquished the South Tyrol, Trieste, Trentino, and Istria to Italy, and Bukovina to Romania. The treaty barred Austria from compromising its newly formed independence, effectively barring it from unification with Germany.
The Treaty of Trianon, signed on June 4, 1920, formally terminated the state of war issued from World War I between most of the Allies of World War I and the Kingdom of Hungary. Hungary ceded Transylvania to Romania; Slovakia and Transcarpathian Rus to the newly formed Czechoslovakia; and other Hungarian crown lands to the future Yugoslavia.
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