Bahrain: Safe Haven For Us Citizens?

Bahrain is generally considered a safe destination for US citizens, with a low crime rate and strong security measures in place. However, it is important to remain vigilant and cautious due to the threat of terrorism and the possibility of civil unrest. Terrorist groups have targeted tourist sites, transportation hubs, markets, and government facilities in the past, and protests and demonstrations can occasionally turn violent. It is advisable to avoid areas where demonstrations are taking place and to follow the instructions of local authorities. Petty crimes such as pickpocketing and purse snatching do occur, particularly in old market areas, so it is important to keep personal belongings secure at all times. Additionally, women travelling alone may experience some forms of harassment and verbal abuse. Overall, while Bahrain is considered safe for US citizens, staying informed and taking necessary precautions is essential.

Racism and casual racism

Bahrain has a strong commitment to combating racism and racial discrimination. Article 18 of the 1973 Constitution of Bahrain states that "People are equal in human dignity without discrimination as to sex, origin, language, religion, or belief, and citizens shall be equal in public rights and duties before the law". The country's Penal Code, Article 172, makes it an offence to incite hatred or contempt for a group of people, and Article 41 of Law No. 14 of 1979 prohibits the publication of material inciting hatred or contempt of a group of people. The country has also ratified the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, reflecting its commitment to equality and the rejection of racial discrimination.

However, despite these legal protections, there are reports of racism and casual racism in Bahrain, particularly towards migrant workers and those from South Asia. Racism against migrant workers is a longstanding issue in Bahrain and other Gulf countries, and the COVID-19 outbreak further inflamed xenophobic sentiments, with calls to deport, quarantine, and segregate migrant workers. Additionally, some sources indicate that racism and casual racism are more targeted towards South Asians, with one source mentioning that "Racism here is unfortunately more targeted towards South Asians and it's something you will notice very glaringly the moment you enter the airport and then throughout your entire visit."

While Bahrain has laws and policies in place to combat racism and racial discrimination, it is important to recognize that racial discrimination and inequality exist on a global scale, and Bahrain is not immune to these issues. As such, individuals, particularly those from marginalized communities, may still face discrimination and racism in Bahrain, despite the country's efforts to promote equality.

It is worth noting that the expression of sympathy for Qatar on social media or by any other means of communication is considered an offence in Bahrain, with potential imprisonment or fines as consequences. Additionally, same-sex sexual acts are not prohibited by law, but same-sex marriage is not recognized, and homosexuality is not widely socially accepted. As such, individuals from the 2SLGBTQI+ community may face arrest under other charges, such as morality or public decency laws.

Crime and violent crime

Bahrain is generally considered a safe country for visitors and residents, with a low crime rate and a strong emphasis on security. Violent crime is rare, although it is advised to exercise caution in the old market areas (souks), villages, and poorer districts, especially after dark, as these areas are known for petty crimes such as pickpocketing and purse snatching. It is important to always be aware of your surroundings, keep your belongings secure, and follow the instructions of local authorities.

Additionally, Bahrain has a history of protests and demonstrations, which can sometimes turn violent. These usually take place in response to political or economic issues, on politically significant holidays, during international events, at night, and on weekends. Even peaceful demonstrations can turn violent, with participants known to throw rocks, use Molotov cocktails, and employ makeshift explosive devices. As such, it is recommended to avoid areas where demonstrations and large gatherings are taking place and to stay informed about local media and travel advisories.

Terrorism is also a concern in Bahrain, with terrorist groups continuing to plot possible attacks. Targets may include tourist sites, transportation hubs, markets, shopping malls, and government facilities. As such, it is important for U.S. citizens to stay alert in locations frequented by tourists and Westerners and to follow the Department of State's travel advisories and alerts.

Terrorism

Past incidents involving explosive devices have resulted in deaths and injuries, with explosions occurring in public places. While there has not been a successful attack in recent years, terrorists continue to issue statements threatening attacks in the Gulf region. These include references to attacks on Western interests, such as residential compounds, military sites, transport hubs, crowded places like restaurants and shopping centres, and religious sites like mosques.

Bahrain's close alliance with Saudi Arabia and endorsement of the Trump administration's aggressive posture against Iran have made it a flashpoint for regional tensions. Iran's support for anti-government groups and its alleged backing of terrorist cells in Bahrain have further heightened tensions.

The Bahraini government has repeatedly accused Iran of interference in its internal affairs, claiming that Iran provides weapons, explosives, and financial support to terrorist groups operating within the country. Iran has denied these allegations.

To counter the terrorist threat, Bahrain has implemented increased security measures, and visitors should always be vigilant and aware of their surroundings when in public places. Staying informed about the evolving security situation by monitoring local and international media is essential.

LGBTQI+ safety

While same-sex sexual activity was decriminalised in Bahrain in 1976, laws against indecency, immorality, and public decency remain and are used to target gender and sexual minorities. These laws allow for imprisonment, fines, and deportation.

The state offers no protection from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression. LGBT+ individuals face entrenched social stigma and legal challenges. There is no law that prohibits discrimination on the grounds of gender identity or sexual orientation.

In 2024, the Ministry of Education in Bahrain decided to investigate the administration of a private school and its entire board of directors following a controversial video in which several students performed a scene that included suggestive gestures. Two male students pretended to propose to each other in class while other students cheered. The incident sparked a significant debate on social media and other platforms, raising questions about cultural norms, societal reactions, and the treatment of minority groups in Bahrain.

In the same year, several people were reportedly arrested from a local bar on claims of "immorality".

Although no law explicitly criminalises same-sex relations, authorities have used vague penal code provisions against "indecency" and "immorality" to target these minorities. For example, Article 350 of the Penal Code of Decree Law No. 15 of 1976 prohibits any sort of public indecency. The punishment for those "imitating the opposite sex" can reach up to a year in prison with 100 BHD fines. This could pose serious risks for individuals who do not conform to societal gender norms and expectations.

In 2023, a Bahraini lawyer stated that Bahraini law criminalises same-sex relationships outside the framework of traditional Islamic marriage. He cited religious beliefs and cultural practices as the basis for these legal restrictions, arguing that they are consistent with the country's cultural norms.

In 2021, members of parliament proposed a bill to amend the penal code, including the addition of articles criminalising the promotion of homosexuality and the attendance of any gathering or meeting of homosexuals, punishable by up to five years' imprisonment and a fine.

In 2018, during a meeting of the Democracy and Human Rights Committee, the Parliamentary Division of the Kingdom of Bahrain objected to the issue of "respecting the rights of gays, bisexuals, transgender people, and intersex persons". The deputy, Jamila al-Sammak, stated that this proposal contradicts the natural composition of life and all monotheistic religions, which prohibit homosexuality.

In 2017, the United States Department of State described processes for gender change recognition in Bahrain as rare and requiring court-ordered, long legal processes.

In 2013, it was announced that all Gulf Cooperative Countries had agreed to discuss a proposal to establish some form of testing to ban gay foreigners from entering any of the countries. However, these plans were reportedly abandoned due to concerns about screening football fans for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.

In 2009, a 39-year-old man was sentenced to a month in jail for wearing women's clothing in public.

In 2001, the Arabic-language newspaper Al-Meethaq created a national controversy when it became the first newspaper to discuss homosexuality in Bahrain.

Overall, while same-sex sexual activity is not explicitly criminalised in Bahrain, LGBT+ individuals face significant legal and social challenges due to entrenched attitudes, regulations, and societal stigma.

Women's safety

Firstly, Bahrain is a conservative society, and most women are expected to cover their heads and arms when in public. Visitors should refrain from wearing tight or revealing clothing, and instead opt for long-sleeved garments, trousers, or long skirts. Women travelling alone may be subject to some forms of harassment and verbal abuse, and it is recommended to carry a cheap wedding band or photos of a "husband" or "children" to avoid unwanted attention. It is also advised to wear sunglasses to avoid making eye contact.

Secondly, there is a lack of laws protecting women against domestic violence and sexual assault. Women have been detained when reporting sexual assault as they must prove that the sex was not consensual to avoid being charged under extramarital sex statutes. There are also issues relating to women's rights, with women only gaining voting rights in 2001.

Thirdly, Bahrain is undergoing a period of political instability, and it is advised to avoid large demonstrations and to constantly be aware of your surroundings. Women should be wary of being alone among crowds of demonstrators, as the situation can turn ugly very quickly.

Lastly, alcohol is frowned upon in Bahrain, and the focus is on family life. Women are expected to have husbands and children, and travelling alone is not culturally acceptable.

Overall, while Bahrain may be considered safe for women in some aspects, there are cultural and societal differences that should be respected and navigated carefully.

Frequently asked questions