Australians Living With Vision Impairment

As of April 13, 2024, the Coronavirus Tracker is no longer updated as most countries have stopped reporting data. However, as of August 2025, the Australian Government Department of Health, Disability and Ageing has reported that over 9.9 million vaccine doses have been administered to people aged 18 and over since January 1, 2023. Australia has officially recorded over 10,000 COVID-related deaths, with 4,000 of those in Victoria.

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Population growth

Australia's population has grown significantly since the end of World War I, with the population quadrupling during this period. As of December 2024, Australia's population was 27,400,013, with an annual growth rate of 1.7%. The population is projected to exceed 30 million by 2029.

Immigration has been a significant contributor to Australia's population growth, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population. In 2024, 8.6 million people in Australia, or 31.5% of the population, were born overseas. The largest increases in overseas-born populations since 2014 have been from India, followed by England, China, and New Zealand. The median age of the overseas-born population in Australia is 43 years, influenced by the fact that most people migrate to Australia as adults.

The population distribution in Australia is uneven, with most people living in urban areas, particularly on the Eastern, South Eastern, and Southern seaboards. Australia's population density is low compared to other countries, with an average of 3.4 to 4 people per square kilometre. This makes Australia the third least densely populated country globally.

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Immigration

Australia has historically experienced a net gain in population through international migration, with more people migrating to the country than leaving each year. In the 2023-24 financial year, overseas migration contributed a net gain of around 446,000 people to Australia's population. This rebound in migration followed a period of low numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic due to border closures and travel restrictions.

Since 1945, over seven million people have settled in Australia, with the majority of immigrants historically coming from Britain and Ireland, particularly England, Ireland, and Scotland. Significant immigration also originated from China and Germany during the 19th century, and post-World War II saw a large wave of immigration from across Europe, particularly Southern and Eastern Europe. In more recent years, India has been the country of birth with the largest population increase in Australia since 2014.

Australia's immigration policies have fluctuated over time. In 2009, the government reduced its immigration target by 14% following the financial crisis, impacting skilled migration programs. However, in subsequent years, high immigration has been supported by major parties, with former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd advocating for a 'Big Australia'. Australia's permanent Migration Programme facilitates economic migration and family reunion migration, providing a pathway to permanent residence.

Australia has been ranked as a top destination for individuals seeking employment and a high-quality life. It is receptive to immigration and has resettled numerous asylum seekers as a signatory to the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. Political debates around immigration continue, with discussions on measures to reduce arrivals as migration impacts housing and rental markets.

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Fertility rate

Australia's fertility rate has been declining since 1962. In 1921, the fertility rate was 3.1 births per woman, and in 2021, it was 1.7 births per woman. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2023 was 1.5 births per woman, a decrease from 1.86 in 1993. The fertility rate for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women was 2.17 births per woman. The fertility rate for women aged 40-44 has almost doubled in the past 30 years, while the birth rate for girls and women aged 15-19 has fallen by more than two-thirds.

The TFR is the average number of children an average woman will have during her reproductive years (15-49), based on current fertility rates. A rate of 2.1 births per woman is considered the level required for replacement in the absence of overseas migration. Australia's low fertility rate has caused concern about the country's economic future. However, demographers point out that Australia has recovered from low fertility rates in the past.

The population of Australia is estimated to be around 27 million as of August 2025, with a median age of 38.3 years. It is the 54th or 55th most populous country in the world and the most populous in Oceania. Australia's population has grown significantly since British colonisation in 1788, mainly due to immigration. The population density is low compared to other countries, with an average of 3.6 persons per square kilometre.

Australia's population growth has slowed in recent years, with an annual growth rate of 1.7% in 2024. The country's population is expected to exceed 30 million by 2029. As of 2024, 31.5% of the population was born outside Australia, with the largest groups born in England, India, China, and New Zealand.

Language

Australia's linguistic landscape is diverse, reflecting its multicultural society. The primary language spoken in Australia is English, with 72% of the population speaking only English at home according to the 2021 census. However, the country's history of immigration has led to a rich tapestry of languages being spoken across the nation.

English became the dominant language in Australia following British colonisation in 1788. Since then, waves of immigration have introduced a variety of languages to the country. In recent decades, immigration from Asia, particularly China, has made Mandarin, Cantonese, and Punjabi some of the most commonly spoken languages after English. Arabic and Vietnamese are also widely spoken, with significant communities of Arabic and Vietnamese speakers.

The country also recognises over 250 Indigenous Australian languages, which were spoken at the time of first European contact. However, only a small number of these languages are still in daily use by all age groups, with around 110 others primarily spoken by older generations. At the 2006 census, 12% of the Indigenous population, or 52,000 people, reported speaking an Indigenous language at home. Additionally, Australia has its own sign language, called Auslan, which is the main language of over 10,000 deaf individuals who reported using it at home in the 2016 census.

The diversity of languages in Australia is further highlighted by its significant immigrant population. As of June 2024, 8.6 million people or 31.5% of the population, were born overseas. This proportion has been increasing, with a rise from 30.7% in 2023 to 31.5% in 2024. The top countries of birth for this population are England, India, China, and New Zealand. The median age of those born overseas has fluctuated, decreasing to 43 years in 2024 after the reopening of international borders.

In conclusion, while English is the predominant language in Australia, the country's multicultural society encompasses a variety of languages, including Mandarin, Arabic, Vietnamese, Indigenous languages, and Auslan. The linguistic diversity is shaped by immigration patterns, with a significant proportion of the population born overseas, contributing to the rich cultural and linguistic landscape of the nation.

Religion

Australia is one of the least religious nations in the developed world, with religion not described as a central part of many people's lives. Religious freedom is, however, an important value in Australian society, and people are free to choose, express, and practice their religious beliefs in different ways. This includes the right not to profess a religion or belief.

The 2021 Census revealed increasing diversity in the religions Australians identify with, reflecting the changing social attitudes and belief systems. The largest single religion in Australia is Western (Roman) Catholic, with 19.6% of the population or 4,994,187 people adhering to it. Overall, Christianity is the most common religion, with 43.9% identifying as Christian. This has reduced from 52.1% in 2016 and 61.1% in 2011. The largest Christian denominations are Catholic (20%) and Anglican (9.8%). While fewer people are reporting their religion as Christian, more are reporting 'no religion'. Almost 40% (38.9%) of Australia’s population reported having no religion in the 2021 Census, an increase from 30.1% in 2016 and 22.3% in 2011. This trend of increasing irreligion is also reflected in the fact that the proportion of the population who reported they had no religion increased from 0.8% in 1966 to 6.7% in 1971.

Buddhism is one of the fastest-growing religions in Australia, with immigration from Asia contributing to this growth, though some people of non-Asian origin have also converted. There are around forty-three Hindu temples in Australia, with the first being established in 1977. Hinduism has grown by 55.3% to 684,002 people, or 2.7% of the population. Islam has grown to 813,392 people, which is 3.2% of the Australian population.

Historically, traditional religions in Australia were animist and tended to have elements of ancestor worship. The Rainbow Serpent is a major dream spirit for Aboriginal people across Australia, and the Yowie and Bunyip are other well-known dream spirits. The involvement of Christians in Aboriginal affairs has evolved significantly since 1788, with churches both facilitating the loss and the maintenance of Indigenous Australian culture and religion. Around the year 2000, many churches and church organizations officially apologized for past failures to adequately respect indigenous cultures and address the injustices of the dispossession of indigenous people.

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