Damon Mcknight
Australia's Special Forces have a reputation for excellence, but this has been called into question in recent years following the Brereton inquiry, which found credible evidence of war crimes committed by members of the Special Air Service Regiment in Afghanistan. The Australian Defence Force has since implemented a series of reforms to restore confidence in the Special Forces, including greater diversity in recruitment, changes to pre-deployment psychological testing, and a focus on humility and ethical risk. The Special Forces have a lineage that can be traced back to World War II and have been deployed in recent years to Iraq, Afghanistan, and East Timor, as well as in counter-terrorism operations within Australia.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Reputation | High |
| Deployment locations | Iraq, Afghanistan, East Timor |
| Deployment purposes | Counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, support of Australian Secret Intelligence Service, support of law enforcement |
| Deployment authority | National Security Committee, Chief of the Defence Force, Secretary of Defence, Australian Intelligence Community |
| Command | Special Operations Command (SOCOMD) |
| Definition of special operations | Highly specialised and focused operations performed by specially selected, trained and prepared individuals and teams |
| Selection criteria | Ability to work in small teams, physical fitness, mental and physical strength and endurance, calmness in combat |
| Personnel standards | High |
| War crime allegations | Yes |
| Diversity | Greater ethnic diversity, more women |
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What You'll Learn
Australian special forces' involvement in war crimes
Australia's military involvement in Afghanistan began in September 2001 and ended in mid-June 2021, making it the country's longest engagement in an armed conflict.
In 2020, a four-year investigation known as the Brereton Report found that Australian special forces allegedly killed 39 unarmed prisoners and civilians in Afghanistan between 2005 and 2016. The report identified 25 perpetrators, either as principals or accessories, and some were still serving in the ADF. It was found that none of the killings took place in the heat of battle, and all occurred under circumstances that would constitute the war crime of murder. The victims were non-combatants or were no longer combatants, and they were under control, giving them protection under international law. The report also found that these killings were subsequently covered up by ADF personnel.
The Brereton Report, to a large degree, absolves senior command of having any knowledge that war crimes were being committed. Instead, it states that the criminality was committed and covered up by patrol commanders, usually lower-ranking sergeants or corporals, and involved a small number of patrol commanders and their proteges. Patrol commanders were viewed by troopers as "demigods", which made it impossible to speak out about their actions.
The release of the report garnered national headlines, international attention, and responses from victims and activists. In response, the 2 Squadron, Special Air Service Regiment, was disbanded, and the Morrison government established a new Office of the Special Investigator to investigate further criminal conduct and recommend prosecution of individuals involved. The Chief of the Defence Force, General Angus Campbell, apologised and accepted all 143 recommendations of the report, including referring individuals to the office of the special investigator to consider potential criminal cases. He also foreshadowed changes to the army’s organisational structure and a review of honours and awards.
The director of the Afghanistan Human Rights and Democracy Organisation, Hadi Marifat, believed there were other incidents involving Australian soldiers in Uruzgan that were not investigated as part of the inquiry. He called for the participation of the victims' families in the investigation and any legal proceedings, as well as comprehensive compensation.
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The selection process for special forces
The selection process for Australia's Special Forces is a challenging and structured procedure, designed to identify individuals with the necessary physical and mental capabilities to join their elite ranks. The process is known for its rigor and selectivity, ensuring that only the most qualified candidates are chosen. Here is an overview of the key steps involved:
Initial Requirements
To be eligible for the selection process, candidates must meet certain fundamental requirements. Since 2015, both male and female volunteers have been able to apply for roles in the Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) and Commando units. Candidates should be highly motivated individuals with a strong commitment to serving in the special forces. They must also possess Australian citizenship and meet specific age, education, and medical standards.
Special Forces Entry Test (SFET)
The SFET is a rigorous screening process that assesses candidates' physical and mental capabilities. It includes challenges such as the 3.2 km ruck run and the 90-minute heavy stomp/ruck, designed to test endurance, resilience, and the ability to perform under pressure. Candidates are evaluated on their behavioral characteristics, with a focus on traits like patience, resilience, and the willingness to take on long-term challenges.
Infantry Training
Candidates who successfully pass the initial SFET are then enrolled in intensive infantry training. This phase includes the 72-day Royal Australian Infantry Rifleman Infantry Operations Basic Course, where they learn basic infantry tactics and handle specialist infantry weapons and equipment. Those who excel in this phase proceed to the 6-week Special Forces Accelerated Infantry Training Programme, which enhances their physiological and psychological conditioning.
Special Forces Screen Test
After completing infantry training, candidates undergo the Special Forces Screen Test, also known as 'Selection'. This three-week course is designed to push candidates to their limits, both physically and mentally. They endure food and sleep deprivation while navigating challenging terrain, often carrying heavy packs. This phase aims to identify individuals who can maintain their resilience and endurance in extremely demanding conditions.
Advanced Skills Qualification
Candidates who successfully navigate the initial stages are then enrolled in advanced skills qualification courses, known as Reinforcement Cycles. These courses further develop the specialized skills required for service in the SASR or Commando units. Candidates are trained in small unit tactics, close-quarters combat, survival skills, and other essential competencies for special forces operations.
Final Selection
The final selection process is highly competitive, with only a limited number of positions available in the SASR and Commando units. Candidates who demonstrate exceptional performance throughout the various stages, showcasing their physical prowess, mental fortitude, and tactical proficiency, are chosen to join the ranks of Australia's elite special forces.
The selection process for Australia's Special Forces is designed to be incredibly challenging, ensuring that only the most capable and dedicated individuals are selected. It prepares candidates for the demands of special operations, where they will be required to operate with a high degree of autonomy and adaptability in often hostile environments. By pushing candidates to their limits, the selection process identifies those with the necessary skills, resilience, and determination to excel in the elite world of special forces.
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The role of special forces in counter-terrorism
Australia's Special Forces have a lineage that can be traced back to various units raised during World War II, such as the Independent and Commando Companies, Z Special Unit, Navy Beach Commandos, and Coastwatchers. The Australian Defence Force's Special Operations Command (SOCOMD) includes special forces units from the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Special Operations Command is responsible for Army special forces, including the Special Air Service Regiment and the 1st and 2nd Commando Regiments.
A chief role of Australian Special Forces is to conduct and support counter-terrorism operations, both domestically and overseas, and to support state and territory police in hostage rescue situations. The Tactical Assault Group (TAG), comprising the Special Air Service Regiment and the 2nd Commando Regiment, is a dedicated sub-unit that responds to counter-terrorist incidents. TAG regularly conducts familiarisation exercises in capital cities, participates in National Anti-Terrorism Exercises, and pre-deploys to major domestic event locations, such as the 2014 G20 Brisbane Summit, to support law enforcement.
Australian Special Forces have been deployed internationally to support counter-terrorism efforts. For example, they were deployed to Iraq as the Special Operations Task Group as part of Operation Okra and to Afghanistan in support of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service.
The effectiveness of counter-terrorism operations conducted by Special Forces is a topic of discussion. Some argue that counter-terrorism missions can be separated from counterinsurgency tasks, as in the case of Vice President Joe Biden's argument for focusing on al-Qa'ida instead of chasing Taliban insurgents. However, others view the invasion of Iraq as a costly diversion that created new space for terrorist recruiting.
Special Forces play a critical role in counter-terrorism efforts, but their effectiveness is influenced by various factors, including defence spending, budget cuts, and strategic decisions.
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The historical lineage of Australian special forces
The Australian Special Forces have a lineage that dates back to World War II and the years following the global conflict. During the Second World War, the Australian Special Forces consisted of various units, including the Independent and Commando Companies, Z Special Unit, Navy Beach Commandos, and the Coastwatchers. The Z Special Unit was modelled after the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) and was established in March 1942. It was formed with the help of British SOE officers who had escaped from Singapore after its occupation by Japan. The unit's first mission was Operation Scorpion, which involved deploying dummy mines to ships in Townsville's port.
Following World War II, the Australian government demobilized most of the wartime army but established three full-time infantry battalions for the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan. It became clear that special forces units were needed for operations in the south-east Asian region, and in 1955, the 2 Commando Company was formed in Melbourne, followed by the 1 Commando Company in Sydney. These companies drew their heritage from the Z Special Unit and M Special Unit of World War II and played a significant role in forming the Special Air Service Regiment (SASR or SAS) in 1957.
The SASR became involved in the Indonesian Confrontation, working alongside the British Commonwealth force in North Borneo to stop Indonesian infiltration into Malaysia. They conducted reconnaissance patrols, cross-border operations, and ambushes, resulting in the deaths of at least 20 Indonesian soldiers. The SAS was later deployed to Vietnam, providing intelligence to the Australian force based in Nui Dat until their total withdrawal in 1971.
In more recent years, the Australian Special Forces have been deployed to Iraq as the Special Operations Task Group and to Afghanistan in support of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service. They also regularly conduct counter-terrorism operations domestically, pre-deploying to major events to support law enforcement and assuming control when requested. The Australian Special Forces are known for their high standards and reputation, with a primary role in counter-terrorism and hostage rescue operations, both domestically and overseas.
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The future of Australian special forces
Australian Special Forces have a long and distinguished history, with recent deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as counter-terrorism operations within Australia. The future of the Australian Special Forces will be shaped by several key factors, including ongoing conflicts, technological advancements, and strategic investments.
Firstly, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has provided valuable insights for the Australian Army and other military organizations worldwide. The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is closely studying the conflict to inform future investments in capabilities such as long-range offensive fires, a resilient digital battle management system, advanced aviation systems, and enhanced close combat capabilities. The Australian government's decision-making regarding military power projection, force structure balance, and preparedness for future conflicts will be influenced by the lessons learned from the Ukraine crisis.
Secondly, the Australian Special Forces will continue to evolve their operational capabilities and structures. This includes the integration of Combat Aviation, Land Combat, Amphibious and Littoral Forces, Ground-Based Air Defence, Offensive Strike teams, and Special Operations units. The agility and adaptability of the Australian Special Forces will be crucial in addressing the evolving threats and challenges of modern warfare.
Moreover, the Australian Special Forces will continue to prioritize counter-terrorism operations and hostage rescue missions, both domestically and internationally. The Tactical Assault Group (TAG), formed by the Special Air Service Regiment and the 2nd Commando Regiment, regularly conducts exercises and remains ready to support law enforcement during major domestic events. The Special Air Service Regiment's (SASR) ability to conduct covert, long-range reconnaissance and counter-insurgency operations will remain a critical asset in counter-terrorism efforts.
In addition, the Australian Special Forces will continue to invest in personnel selection, training, and preparation. The high standards and reputation of the Australian Special Forces are maintained by the dedication and motivation of their members. The absence of conscription and the high standard of living in Australia contribute to a military force comprised of volunteers who are committed to upholding the unit's reputation.
Finally, strategic investments will play a pivotal role in shaping the future capabilities of the Australian Special Forces. Projects such as the Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV), or Project Land 400 Phase 3 (L400 Ph 3), will determine the ADF's ability to deploy and sustain a credible land combat system. These investments aim to address the evolving threats on the battlefield, including improvised explosive devices and loitering munitions, by enhancing protection, maneuverability, and firepower for soldiers.
In conclusion, the future of the Australian Special Forces will be characterized by their adaptability, strategic investments, and continued excellence in counter-terrorism operations. The ongoing conflicts, technological advancements, and dedication to maintaining high standards will shape the capabilities and deployments of the Australian Special Forces in the years to come.
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Frequently asked questions
Australian Special Forces are units of Special Operations Command and associated units of the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force that conduct and support special operations to advance and protect the national security of the Commonwealth of Australia.
The Australian Army defines special operations as "highly specialised and focused operations performed by specially selected, trained and prepared individuals and teams imbued with a creative mindset capable of producing solutions beyond conventional approaches".
A chief role of Australian Special Forces is to conduct and support counter-terrorism operations and hostage rescue overseas and within Australia in support of state and territory police.
Selection is open to all serving Australian Defence Force personnel. Candidates must complete the Special Force Screen Test at the Special Forces Training Centre, which includes an interview and tests their physical fitness. About 64% of applicants pass this test. Successful candidates then continue on to the 21-day SAS Selection Course which assesses their strength and endurance, overall fitness, ability to remain calm in combat, and work effectively in small teams.
Australian Special Forces have a high reputation, with recent deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. However, there have been recent inquiries into the culture of the Special Forces, with a focus on unlawful killings and cruel treatment of individuals. The Brereton inquiry made 191 findings related to alleged criminal misconduct, including unlawful killings of 39 individuals and two allegations of cruel treatment. The Australian Defence Force has since made changes to pre-deployment psychological testing, diversity and inclusion initiatives, and ethical training to restore confidence in the Special Forces.
